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Fall 2023 > EXAM 2 A&P > Flashcards

EXAM 2 A&P Flashcards

1
Q

Unicellular (one-cell) organisms

A

independent creatures

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2
Q

tissues

A

groups of cells that are similar in structure and perform a common or related function

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3
Q

Four primary tissue types

A
  1. Epithelial
  2. Connective
  3. Muscle
  4. Nervous
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4
Q

Nervous Tisue

A

Responsible for internal communication (found in brain, spinal cord and nerves)

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5
Q

Muscle Tissue

A

Responsible for contracting to cause movement ; Found in muscles attached to bones (skeletal), found in the muscles of the heart (cardiac), found in walls of hollow organs (smooth)

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6
Q

Epithelial Tissue

A

Forms boundaries between different environments, protects, secretes, absorbs, filters;
Found lining digestive tract organs and other hollow organs, glands, and skin surface (epidermis)

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7
Q

Connective Tissue

A

Supports, protects, binds other tissues together;
Found in bones, tendons, fat and other padding tissue

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8
Q

Epithelium

A

A sheet of cells that covers a body surface or lines a body cavity

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9
Q

Two forms of Epithelial tissue

A

Covering and Lining Epithelium,
Grandular Epithelium

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10
Q

Covering and Lining Epithelium

A

Forms the outer layer of skin, dips into and lines open cavities of the urogenital, digestive, and respiratory systems, and covers the walls and organs of the closed ventral body cavity

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11
Q

Grandular Epithelium

A

Fashions the glands of the body

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12
Q

4 Functions of Epithelium

A

Protection, Absorption, Filtration, Excretion, Secretion, and Sensory Reception

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13
Q

5 Characteristics of Epithelium

A

Polarity, Specialized Contacts, Supported by Connective Tissue, Avascular but Highly Innervated, Regeneration

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14
Q

Polarity of Epithelia

A

Epithelia has two surfaces; apical surface and basal surface

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15
Q

Apical Surface

A

Attached to surrounding tissue; it is exposed to the outside of the body or the cavity of an internal organ

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16
Q

Basal Surface

A

Attached to the underlying connective tissue

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17
Q

Microvilli

A

Fingerlike extensions of the plasma membrane;
Found on the apical surface of epithelium

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18
Q

Cilia

A

Extensions of the plasma membrane;
Found on the apical surface of epithelium;
Propel substances along their free surface.

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19
Q

Basal Lamina

A

A thin supporting sheet;
An adhesive sheet that consists largely of glycoproteins secreted by epithelial cells plus some collagen fibers.
It acts as a selective filter that determines which molecules diffusing from the underlying connective tissue are allowed to enter epithelium;
Acts as scaffolding along which epithelial cells can migrate to repair a wound.

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20
Q

Basement Membrane

A

Found in between epithelial and connective tissues; it reinforces the epithelial sheet, helps it resist stretching and tearing, and defines the epithelial boundary.
Consists of basal lamina and reticular lamina.

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21
Q

Reticular Lamina

A

Deep to the basal lamina; it consists of a layer of extracellular material containing a fine network of collagen fibers that belongs to the underlying connective tissue.
Part of the basement membrane.

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22
Q

Epithelial tissue is attached by

A
  1. tight junctions
  2. adherens junction
  3. desmosomes
  4. gap junctions
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23
Q

Tight Junctions

A

Found at apical region

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24
Q

Adherens Junctions

A

Zonula Adherens;
Anchoring junctions that form an adhesion belt (proteins bind to actin microfilaments of the cytoskeleton and bind adjacent cells)

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25
Desmosomes
two disc-like plaques on cytoplasmic side connected across intercellular space by proteins which zipper together (found in closer to basal membrane)
26
Gap Junctions
Cells are connected by hollow cylinders of protein (near basal membrane and in other tissues such as smooth and cardiac muscle)
27
Simple Epithelial Tissue
one layer of cells; modified for absorption or secretion
28
Stratified Epithelial Tissue
More than one layer of cells; tend to be specialized to provide protection
29
Squamous Epithelial Tissue
Cells are wider than they are tall (plate-like)
30
Cuboidal Epithelial Tissue
Cells are wide as tall, like cubes
31
Columnar Epithelial Tissue
Cells are taller than they are wide, like columns
32
Simple Squamous Epithelia
single layer of flat cells with disc-shaped nuclei; Its function is to allow passage of materials by passive diffusion and filtration; Its location: renal corpuscles, alveoli of lungs, lining of heart, blood, and lymphatic vessels
33
Stratified Squamous Epithelia
Several layers of cells of which basal cells are cuboidal or columnar while the surface cells are squamous; Can be keratinized or nonkeratinized
34
Keratinized Squamous Epithelia
Forms epidermis of skin where the surface cells are dead and full of keratin; Its location: epidermis
35
Nonkeratinized Squamous Epithelia
Forms moist lining of body openings; Its location: esophagus, mouth, anus, vagina, and urethra
36
Simple Columnar Epithelium
Is located, in non-ciliated form, lining digestive tract, gallbladder, stomach; Is located, in ciliated form, lining small bronchi, uterine tubes, and uterus; Its functions: absorption, secretion of mucus, enzymes, and other substances; Has goblet cells.
37
Pseudostratified Columnar Epithelium
Single layer of cells of different heights that falsely appear to be many layered; Its function is to secrete mucus; ciliated type is to propel mucus or reproductive cells by ciliary action; Its location: non-ciliated: ducts of male reproductive tubes, excretory ducts of large glands; ciliated: lines trachea and most upper respiratory and intestinal tracts, which secretes the main component of mucus.
38
Stratified Columnar Epithelium
Several layers of cells where the basal cells are usually cuboidal while the superficial cells are columnar; Its function: protection and secretion. Its location: rare tissue found in male urethra and large ducts of some glands.
39
Simple Cuboidal Epithelium
Single layer of cube-like cells with large, spherical central nuclei; found next to free space called the lumen; Its function: secretion and absorption; Its location: kidney tubules, secretory portions of some glands (like thyroid, pancreas, and salivary glands), ovary surface.
40
Stratified Cuboidal Epithelium
Generally two layers of cube-shaped cells; Its function: protection; Its location: forms ducts of mammary glands, salivatory glands, large sweat glands
41
Transitional Epithelium
Several Layers of cells where the basal cells are usually cuboidal or columnar while superficial cells are dome-shaped; Its function: stretches and permits distension of organ; impermeable to urine; Its location; lines uretes, urinary bladder, and proximal urethra
41
Endocrine glands
Ductless glands that secrete substances directly into bloodstream and produce molecules called hormones
41
Grandular Epithelium
epithelial cells, endocrine glands, exocrine glands
42
Exocrine glands
Glands that carry products out of them to epithelial surface ; they include mucus-secreting glands, sweat and oil glands, salivary glands, liver, and pancreas
43
Exocrine glands' modes of secretion
1) medocrine secretion 2) apocrine secretion 3) holocrine secretion
44
Medocrine Secretion
Product released by exocytosis (mucus and sweat)
45
Apocrine Secretion
Apical portion of cytoplasm of cell becomes packed with secretory residues containing product and is hen shed (pinched off portion)
46
Holocrine Secretion
The entire cell becomes packed with secretions and bursts
47
Goblet Cells
Unicellular exocrine glands that produce mucin protein that will form mucus when combined with water
48
Multicellular Glands
Epithelium and secretory unit
49
Connective Tissue
Cells are specialized and separated by large amounts of extracellular matrix (ground substance and protein fibers) Highly vascularized and richly innervated (exceptions: tendons and ligaments have small blood supply; cartilage is avascular and noninverted)
50
Specialized cells in connective tissue
1) fibroblasts (chondroblasts, osteoblasts) 2) fibrocytes (chondrocytes, osteocytes) 3) macrophanges 4) adipocytes 5) mast cells 6) white blood cells 7) plasma cells
51
macrophages
resident and/ or migrating cells that phagocytize pathogens, call debris, and other foreign material
52
mast cells
promote inflammation in response to infection or allergic reactions
53
white blood cells
respond to and protect us against infectious agents and foreign cells in connective tissue
54
plasma cells
secrete antibodies to recognize and mark foreign cells for destruction
55
3 types of protein fibers
collagen, reticular, and elastic
56
4 types of connective tissue
connective tissue proper, cartilage, bone, blood
57
2 types of connective tissue proper
loose and dense
58
3 types of loose connective tissue
areolar, adipose, reticular
59
Areolar Connective Tissue
widely distributed under epithelia, bordering all other tissues in the body, packaging organs, surrounding small nerves and blood vessels
60
Reticular Connective Tissue
network of delicate reticular fibers in loose ground substance; reticular cells lie on the network; its location: lymph nodes, bone marrow, and spleen
61
Dense Irregular Connective Tissue
Irregularly arranged collagen fibers with some elastic fibers and fibroblasts; it forms encasements around many organs
62
Dense Regular Connective Tissue
parallel collagen fibers, fibroblasts, and some elastic fibers; its location: tendons, ligaments and aponeuroses
63
Elastic Connective Tissue
elastic fibers predominate; consists of fibroblasts; its location: within walls of arteries, in certain ligaments, and surrounding bronchial tubes
64
Cartilages
characterized by a firm, flexible gel matrix containing 80% water and through which protein fibers run; is vascular and non-innervated
65
Hyaline Cartilage
imperceptible collagen fibers in matrix with chondrocytes lying in lacunae; its location; fetal skeleton, ends of long bones, costal cartilage of ribs, cartilages of nose, trachea and larynx
66
Elastic Cartilage
has more elastic fibers than hyaline cartilage; its location: external ear ad epiglottis
67
Fibrocartilage
matrix less firm than hyaline but containing thick, predominate collage fibers
68
Bone Tissue
Characterized by a hard, calcified extracellular matrix through which many collage fibers run
69
Compact Bone
bone matrix arranged into concentric columns called osteons; its location - dense outer layer of bones.
70
Spongy Bone
bone matrix arranged into finger-like projections called trabeculae; its inner layer of bone next to the marrow and the ends of a long bone
71

Fall 2023 (14 decks)

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