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Fall 2023 > EXAM 2 A&P > Flashcards

EXAM 2 A&P Flashcards

1
Q

Unicellular (one-cell) organisms

A

independent creatures

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2
Q

tissues

A

groups of cells that are similar in structure and perform a common or related function

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3
Q

Four primary tissue types

A
  1. Epithelial
  2. Connective
  3. Muscle
  4. Nervous
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4
Q

Nervous Tisue

A

Responsible for internal communication (found in brain, spinal cord and nerves)

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5
Q

Muscle Tissue

A

Responsible for contracting to cause movement ; Found in muscles attached to bones (skeletal), found in the muscles of the heart (cardiac), found in walls of hollow organs (smooth)

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6
Q

Epithelial Tissue

A

Forms boundaries between different environments, protects, secretes, absorbs, filters;
Found lining digestive tract organs and other hollow organs, glands, and skin surface (epidermis)

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7
Q

Connective Tissue

A

Supports, protects, binds other tissues together;
Found in bones, tendons, fat and other padding tissue

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8
Q

Epithelium

A

A sheet of cells that covers a body surface or lines a body cavity

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9
Q

Two forms of Epithelial tissue

A

Covering and Lining Epithelium,
Grandular Epithelium

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10
Q

Covering and Lining Epithelium

A

Forms the outer layer of skin, dips into and lines open cavities of the urogenital, digestive, and respiratory systems, and covers the walls and organs of the closed ventral body cavity

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11
Q

Grandular Epithelium

A

Fashions the glands of the body

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12
Q

4 Functions of Epithelium

A

Protection, Absorption, Filtration, Excretion, Secretion, and Sensory Reception

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13
Q

5 Characteristics of Epithelium

A

Polarity, Specialized Contacts, Supported by Connective Tissue, Avascular but Highly Innervated, Regeneration

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14
Q

Polarity of Epithelia

A

Epithelia has two surfaces; apical surface and basal surface

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15
Q

Apical Surface

A

Attached to surrounding tissue; it is exposed to the outside of the body or the cavity of an internal organ

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16
Q

Basal Surface

A

Attached to the underlying connective tissue

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17
Q

Microvilli

A

Fingerlike extensions of the plasma membrane;
Found on the apical surface of epithelium

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18
Q

Cilia

A

Extensions of the plasma membrane;
Found on the apical surface of epithelium;
Propel substances along their free surface.

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19
Q

Basal Lamina

A

A thin supporting sheet;
An adhesive sheet that consists largely of glycoproteins secreted by epithelial cells plus some collagen fibers.
It acts as a selective filter that determines which molecules diffusing from the underlying connective tissue are allowed to enter epithelium;
Acts as scaffolding along which epithelial cells can migrate to repair a wound.

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20
Q

Basement Membrane

A

Found in between epithelial and connective tissues; it reinforces the epithelial sheet, helps it resist stretching and tearing, and defines the epithelial boundary.
Consists of basal lamina and reticular lamina.

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21
Q

Reticular Lamina

A

Deep to the basal lamina; it consists of a layer of extracellular material containing a fine network of collagen fibers that belongs to the underlying connective tissue.
Part of the basement membrane.

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22
Q

Epithelial tissue is attached by

A
  1. tight junctions
  2. adherens junction
  3. desmosomes
  4. gap junctions
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23
Q

Tight Junctions

A

Found at apical region

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24
Q

Adherens Junctions

A

Zonula Adherens;
Anchoring junctions that form an adhesion belt (proteins bind to actin microfilaments of the cytoskeleton and bind adjacent cells)

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25
Q

Desmosomes

A

two disc-like plaques on cytoplasmic side connected across intercellular space by proteins which zipper together (found in closer to basal membrane)

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26
Q

Gap Junctions

A

Cells are connected by hollow cylinders of protein (near basal membrane and in other tissues such as smooth and cardiac muscle)

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27
Q

Simple Epithelial Tissue

A

one layer of cells; modified for absorption or secretion

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28
Q

Stratified Epithelial Tissue

A

More than one layer of cells; tend to be specialized to provide protection

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29
Q

Squamous Epithelial Tissue

A

Cells are wider than they are tall (plate-like)

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30
Q

Cuboidal Epithelial Tissue

A

Cells are wide as tall, like cubes

31
Q

Columnar Epithelial Tissue

A

Cells are taller than they are wide, like columns

32
Q

Simple Squamous Epithelia

A

single layer of flat cells with disc-shaped nuclei;
Its function is to allow passage of materials by passive diffusion and filtration;
Its location: renal corpuscles, alveoli of lungs, lining of heart, blood, and lymphatic vessels

33
Q

Stratified Squamous Epithelia

A

Several layers of cells of which basal cells are cuboidal or columnar while the surface cells are squamous;
Can be keratinized or nonkeratinized

34
Q

Keratinized Squamous Epithelia

A

Forms epidermis of skin where the surface cells are dead and full of keratin;
Its location: epidermis

35
Q

Nonkeratinized Squamous Epithelia

A

Forms moist lining of body openings;
Its location: esophagus, mouth, anus, vagina, and urethra

36
Q

Simple Columnar Epithelium

A

Is located, in non-ciliated form, lining digestive tract, gallbladder, stomach;
Is located, in ciliated form, lining small bronchi, uterine tubes, and uterus;
Its functions: absorption, secretion of mucus, enzymes, and other substances;
Has goblet cells.

37
Q

Pseudostratified Columnar Epithelium

A

Single layer of cells of different heights that falsely appear to be many layered;
Its function is to secrete mucus; ciliated type is to propel mucus or reproductive cells by ciliary action;
Its location: non-ciliated: ducts of male reproductive tubes, excretory ducts of large glands;
ciliated: lines trachea and most upper respiratory and intestinal tracts, which secretes the main component of mucus.

38
Q

Stratified Columnar Epithelium

A

Several layers of cells where the basal cells are usually cuboidal while the superficial cells are columnar;
Its function: protection and secretion.
Its location: rare tissue found in male urethra and large ducts of some glands.

39
Q

Simple Cuboidal Epithelium

A

Single layer of cube-like cells with large, spherical central nuclei; found next to free space called the lumen;
Its function: secretion and absorption;
Its location: kidney tubules, secretory portions of some glands (like thyroid, pancreas, and salivary glands), ovary surface.

40
Q

Stratified Cuboidal Epithelium

A

Generally two layers of cube-shaped cells;
Its function: protection;
Its location: forms ducts of mammary glands, salivatory glands, large sweat glands

41
Q

Transitional Epithelium

A

Several Layers of cells where the basal cells are usually cuboidal or columnar while superficial cells are dome-shaped;
Its function: stretches and permits distension of organ; impermeable to urine;
Its location; lines uretes, urinary bladder, and proximal urethra

41
Q

Endocrine glands

A

Ductless glands that secrete substances directly into bloodstream and produce molecules called hormones

41
Q

Grandular Epithelium

A

epithelial cells, endocrine glands, exocrine glands

42
Q

Exocrine glands

A

Glands that carry products out of them to epithelial surface ;
they include mucus-secreting glands, sweat and oil glands, salivary glands, liver, and pancreas

43
Q

Exocrine glands’ modes of secretion

A

1) medocrine secretion
2) apocrine secretion
3) holocrine secretion

44
Q

Medocrine Secretion

A

Product released by exocytosis (mucus and sweat)

45
Q

Apocrine Secretion

A

Apical portion of cytoplasm of cell becomes packed with secretory residues containing product and is hen shed (pinched off portion)

46
Q

Holocrine Secretion

A

The entire cell becomes packed with secretions and bursts

47
Q

Goblet Cells

A

Unicellular exocrine glands that produce mucin protein that will form mucus when combined with water

48
Q

Multicellular Glands

A

Epithelium and secretory unit

49
Q

Connective Tissue

A

Cells are specialized and separated by large amounts of extracellular matrix (ground substance and protein fibers)
Highly vascularized and richly innervated (exceptions: tendons and ligaments have small blood supply; cartilage is avascular and noninverted)

50
Q

Specialized cells in connective tissue

A

1) fibroblasts (chondroblasts, osteoblasts)
2) fibrocytes (chondrocytes, osteocytes)
3) macrophanges
4) adipocytes
5) mast cells
6) white blood cells
7) plasma cells

51
Q

macrophages

A

resident and/ or migrating cells that phagocytize pathogens, call debris, and other foreign material

52
Q

mast cells

A

promote inflammation in response to infection or allergic reactions

53
Q

white blood cells

A

respond to and protect us against infectious agents and foreign cells in connective tissue

54
Q

plasma cells

A

secrete antibodies to recognize and mark foreign cells for destruction

55
Q

3 types of protein fibers

A

collagen, reticular, and elastic

56
Q

4 types of connective tissue

A

connective tissue proper, cartilage, bone, blood

57
Q

2 types of connective tissue proper

A

loose and dense

58
Q

3 types of loose connective tissue

A

areolar, adipose, reticular

59
Q

Areolar Connective Tissue

A

widely distributed under epithelia, bordering all other tissues in the body, packaging organs, surrounding small nerves and blood vessels

60
Q

Reticular Connective Tissue

A

network of delicate reticular fibers in loose ground substance; reticular cells lie on the network;
its location: lymph nodes, bone marrow, and spleen

61
Q

Dense Irregular Connective Tissue

A

Irregularly arranged collagen fibers with some elastic fibers and fibroblasts;
it forms encasements around many organs

62
Q

Dense Regular Connective Tissue

A

parallel collagen fibers, fibroblasts, and some elastic fibers;
its location: tendons, ligaments and aponeuroses

63
Q

Elastic Connective Tissue

A

elastic fibers predominate; consists of fibroblasts;
its location: within walls of arteries, in certain ligaments, and surrounding bronchial tubes

64
Q

Cartilages

A

characterized by a firm, flexible gel matrix containing 80% water and through which protein fibers run;
is vascular and non-innervated

65
Q

Hyaline Cartilage

A

imperceptible collagen fibers in matrix with chondrocytes lying in lacunae;
its location; fetal skeleton, ends of long bones, costal cartilage of ribs, cartilages of nose, trachea and larynx

66
Q

Elastic Cartilage

A

has more elastic fibers than hyaline cartilage;
its location: external ear ad epiglottis

67
Q

Fibrocartilage

A

matrix less firm than hyaline but containing thick, predominate collage fibers

68
Q

Bone Tissue

A

Characterized by a hard, calcified extracellular matrix through which many collage fibers run

69
Q

Compact Bone

A

bone matrix arranged into concentric columns called osteons;
its location - dense outer layer of bones.

70
Q

Spongy Bone

A

bone matrix arranged into finger-like projections called trabeculae;
its inner layer of bone next to the marrow and the ends of a long bone

71
Q
A

Fall 2023 (14 decks)

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