EXAM 1 A&P Flashcards
1
Q
anatomy
A
study of internal & external structures and the physical interrelationships between body parts
2
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gross anatomy
A
features of the organism that can be seen with the naked eye
3
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microscopic anatomy
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study of structures that cannot be seen without the aid of magnification
4
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physiology
A
study of how living organisms perform their vital functions; study of interactions
5
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anatomic position
A
a person is standing erect with arms alongside the body, palms facing anteriorly. Feet are parallel. Face and eyes are directed at the viewer.
6
Q
superior
A
cranial; toward the head; upper structure of the body; above
7
Q
inferior
A
caudal; toward the lower part of the body; below
8
Q
anterior
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ventral; toward or at the front of the body
9
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posterior
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dorsal; toward or at the back of the body; behind
10
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medial
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toward or at the midline of the body; on the inner side
11
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lateral
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away from the midline of the body; on the outer side
12
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intermediate
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between a more medial and a more lateral structure
13
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unilateral
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in reference to only one side of the body
14
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bilateral
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found on both sides of the body
15
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ipsilateral
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on the same side
16
Q
supine
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lying flat on the back (face up)
17
Q
prone
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lying flat on the front (face down)
18
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contralateral
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on opposite sides
19
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proximal
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closer to the origin of the body part or the point of attachment of a limb to the body trunk
20
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distal
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farther from the origin of the body part or the point of attachment of a limb to the body trunk
21
Q
abdominal quadrants
A
divide abdominopelvic cavity into four quadrants;
an imaginary midsagittal line and an imaginary transverse line runs through the umbilicus.
22
Q
anatomical regions
A
divide the abdominopelvic cavity into nine regions;
two imaginary sagittal lines run through mid-clavicle, an imaginary transverse line runs just inferior to the ribs and another at the level of the iliac crest.
23
Q
the 4 abdominal quadrants
A
Right Upper Quadrant (RUQ)
Right Lower Quadrant (RLQ)
Left Upper Quadrant (LUQ)
Left Lower Quadrant (LLQ)
24
Q
the 9 anatomical regions
A
Right Hypochondriac Region,
Epigastric Region,
Left Hypochondriac Region,
Right Lumbar Region,
Umbilical Region,
Left Lumbar Region;
Right Inguinal (Iliac) Region;
Hypogastric Region;
Left Inguinal (Iliac) Region
25
pancreas
an organ located in the abdomen, behind stomach;
produces enzymes that help with digestion and sends out hormones that help regulate amount of sugar in the bloodstream.
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pancreas
поджелудочная железа
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spleen
organ located in the upper left side; behind ribs & stomach;
participates in creation of blood and helps t filter out blood, removing old blood cells and fighting infection.
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kidneys
two bean-shaped organs located just below the ribs; one on each side of your spine
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function of healthy kidneys
filter out about half a cup of blood every minute, removing wastes and extra water to make urine.
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diaphragm
a large dome-shaped muscle used for respiration that is located just below lungs;
contracts rhythmically, continuously and , most f the time, involuntarily.
31
What does diaphragm do upon inhalation?
It contracts and flattens and the chest cavity enlarges.
It creates a vacuum, which pulls air into lungs.
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What does diaphragm do upon exhalation?
It relaxes and returns to its dome-like shape.
Air is forced out of the lungs.
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manubrium
broad upper part of the sternum
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thymus
organ located just below sternum in the mediastinum cavity;
is responsible for production and maturation of immune cells
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buccal
relating to inner cheek
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trachea
windpipe;
cartilaginous tube that connects larynx to the bronchi of the lungs, allowing the passage of air
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gallbladder
желчный пузырь
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gallbladder
a small pear-shaped organ located just beneath the liver on the right side of the abdomen;
it produces a digestive fluid, bile, that is released into your small intestine
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antebrachium
forearm
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caudal
хвостовой
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superficial
external; toward or at the surface of the body
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deep
internal; away from the body surface
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body cavities
spaces within the body that hold specific body organs, protecting them and allowing them to change shape and size significantly
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dorsal cavity
cavity suited near the back of the body;
involves a cranial and spinal cavities
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vertebral cavity
spinal cavity
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ventral body cavity
cavity situated near the front of the body;
includes the thoraric and abdominopelvic cavities
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adrenal glands
small, triangular-shaped organs that sit on top of the kidneys;
they produce hormones that help regulate metabolism, immune system, blood pressure, response to stress and other essential functions.
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duodenum
first part of small intestine right beyond stomach
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sigmoid
terminal portion of large intestine
50
cranial cavity
holds the brain;
part of the dorsal cavity
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vertebral cavity
holds the spinal cord;
part of the dorsal cavity
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thoraric cavity
holds the pulmonary cavities and mediastinum;
organs include: lungs, trachea, thymus, heart, esophagus
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abdominal cavity
cavity inferior to thoraric cavity and superior to pelvic;
organs found are liver, gallbladder, small intestine, large intestine, cecum, appendicitis, kidneys, adrenal glands, stomach, pancreas, spleen
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pelvic cavity
cavity located inferior to abdominal cavity;
organs found are urinary bladder, rectum and reproductive organs
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mediastinum
a membranous partition in between the lungs;
includes organs: trachea, esophagus, thymus, heart
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visceral peritoneum
a serous membrane that wraps around your abdominal organs that include your stomach, liver, spleen, parts of small and large intestine
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intraperitoneal organs
organs inside visceral peritoneum
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parietal peritoneum
outer layer of peritoneum that covers diaphragm, abdomen and pelvic walls
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serous membrane
a mesothelial tissue that lines certain internal cavities of the body, forming a smooth, transparent, two-layer membrane lubricated by a fluid derived from serum
60
serous fluid
a clear to pale yellow, watery fluid that is found in the body (especially in spaces between organs and the membranes that line or enclose them)
61
pericardium
a fluid-filled sac that surrounds your heart and the roots of the major blood vessels that extend from the heart
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visceral pericardium
a serous membrane that encloses the heart
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parietal pericardium
a serous membrane that lines inside the fibrous pericardium
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pleura
serous membrane that folds back on itself to form a two-layered membranous pleural sac
65
parietal pleura
outside layer of pleura that attaches to the chest wall
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visceral pleura
the inner layer of pleura that covers the lungs, blood vessels, nerves, and bronchi
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fibers
волокна
68
surface anatomy
study of general form and surface markings
69
regional anatomy
all of the superficial and internal features of a specific region f the body
70
systemic anatomy
the structures of the major organ systems
71
cytology
study of internal structures of cells
72
histology
study of tissues
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radiological anatomy
a study of macroscopic structures using various imagining techniques
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coronal plane
frontal plane;
a vertical or longitudinal plane of sectioning that divides the body or an organ into anterior and posterior portions
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sagittal plane
a vertical or longitudinal plane of sectioning that divides the body or an organ into right and left portions
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transverse plane
a horizontal line of sectioning that divides the body or organ into superior and inferior portions
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homeostasis
body's ability to maintain relatively stable internal conditions continuously
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variable
factor or event being regulated
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elements of a homeostatic control center
stimulus, receptor, control center, effector, response
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function of control center in homeostasis regulation
determination of the set point, at which the variable is to be maintained
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negative feedback mechanisms
work to minimize changes in the value of a controlled variable
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positive feedback mechanisms
cascades that amplify the original stimulus
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homeostatic imbalance
a condition of homeostatic disturbance that may result in a disease
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teleological approach
attempts to explain the why; purpose of the process
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mechanistic approach
attempts to explain the how; cause and effect of the process
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extracellular fluid (ECF)
fluid environment around cells;
can be further divided into interstitial fluid and plasma
87
plasma
liquid component of blood
88
interstitial fluid
liquid found within tissues
89
intracellular fluid (ICF)
cytoplasm;
fluid contained within all body cells;
makes up 40% of total human body weight;
comprised of water, dissolved electrolytes, and proteins
90
Are ECF and ICF in osmotic equilibrium?
Yes, the overall concentration of the fluids in each compartment are equal to one another.
91
Are ECF and ICF in chemical equilibrium?
No, they are in disequilibrium.
Higher concentrations of sodium chloride and bicarbonate in ECF.
Higher concentrations of potassium and proteins in the ICF.
92
Are ECF and ICF in electrical equilibrium?
No, because the ICF has slightly more negative charges .
93
intrinsic regulation
regulation that is achieved by the organs, tissues, and organ systems themselves;
it is done automatically
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extrinsic motivation
regulation that is achieved by the endocrine or nervous systems
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ocean acidification
the process by which the pH of the ocean of water is lowered when excess atmospheric CO2 dissolves in sea water.
96
logarithmic scale of pH
shows that if the [H+] concentration changes by (x) 10 units, the pH changes by 1.
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independent variable
factor whose value is manipulated
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dependent variable
factor that is affected by the independent variable
99
experimental group
treatment group; a group in an experiment that receives the treatment
100
control group
a group in an experiment that does not receive the treatment;
may receive a placebo
101
primary sources
ex: journals that are published multiple a year;
articles are peer-reviewed before published
102
where does the independent variable found on the graph?
on the x-axis
103
acid
a substance that releases hydrogen ions (H+) in detectable amounts; protein donors;
can react with many metals;
are sour
104
hydrogen nucleus
a hydrogen ion (H+)
105
What happens when acids dissolve in water?
they release positive hydrogen ions and negative ions;
concentration of protons determines the acidity
106
bases
substances that take up hydrogen ions (H+) in detectable amounts;
proton acceptors;
are bitter and slippery
107
hydroxides
common inorganic bases
108
What happens when bases (hydroxides) dissolve in water?
Hydroxyl ions (OH-) and cations are liberated.
109
bicarbonate ion
an important base in the body; found in blood
110
ammonia
a common waste product of protein breakdown in the body;
is a base
111
neutralization
a process that occurs when acids and bases are mixed;
they react with each other in displacement reactions to form water and a salt
112
buffers
chemical systems such as proteins and other types of molecules that carefully regulate the homeostasis of acid-base balance
113
What do buffers do when the pH of body fluids begins to rise?
They act as acids, releasing hydrogen ions.
114
What do buffers do when the pH of body fluids begins to drop?
They act as bases, binding to the hydrogen ions.
115
buffers
consist of a combination of a weak acid and a weak base
116
strong acid
acids that dissociate completely and irreversibly in water;
they dramatically change the pH
117
weak acid
acid that does not dissociate completely
118
strong base
base that dissociate easily;
it ties up H+
119
bicarbonate buffer system
H^2CO^3 (its week acid)
a system that helps maintain the pH homeostasis of the blood;
normally the pH varies between 7.35 and 7.45 (if varies few tenths from these limits may be fatal)
in it, carbonic acid (HCO^3) is its weak base.
120
energy
capacity to do work/ put matter into motion
121
chemical energy
form of energy stored in the bonds of chemical substances
122
mechanical energy
energy directly involved in moving matter
123
radiant energy
electromagnetic radiation;
energy that travels in waves;
variation in length refers to electromagnetic spectrum;
these waves include radio waves, microwaves, infrared waves, visible light, ultraviolet waves
124
types of chemical reactions
1. synthesis/ combination
2. decomposition
3. exchange/ displacement reaction
125
synthesis
combination;
atoms combine to form a larger, more complex molecule;
always involves bond formation;
anabolic reaction
126
decomposition
bonds are broken in larger molecules, resulting in smaller ones;
catabolic reaction
127
exchange reaction
displacement reaction;
involves synthesis and decomposition;
parts of the reactant molecules change partners
128
oxidation-reduction reaction
redox reaction;
a special type f exchange reaction, in which an electrons are exchanged between reactants
129
oxidized reactant
the reactant losing an electron;
an electron donor
130
reduced reactant
the reactant taking up the transferred electrons;
an elector acceptor
131
oxidation
gain of oxygen, loss of hydrogen, or the loss (or partial loss) of electrons
132
exergonic reactions
reactions that release energy
133
endergonic reactions
reactions that result in products that contain more potential energy in their chemical bonds than did the reactants
134
chemical equilibrium
achieved once there is no further net change in the amounts of reactants and products unless more of either is added to the mix
135
dipole
a polar molecule with two poles of charge
136
atomic number
number of protons
137
mass number
sum of protons and neutrons
138
atomic weight
average of the weights of all isotopes of an element
139
radioisotopes
isotopes with the same number of protons;
each number of neutrons is different (never equals the number of protons)
140
hydration layers
layers of water molecules that surround large molecules, such as proteins, shielding them from the effects of other charged substances in the vicinity
141
dehydration synthesis
a process that joins monomers, during which a hydrogen atom is removed from one monomer and a hydroxyl group removed from the monomer it is to be joined with;
as a covalent bond unites the monomers, a water molecule is released.
142
hydrolysis
the opposite of dehydration;
breaking of molecules through addition of a water molecule
143
adenosine triphosphate (ATP)
primary energy-transferring molecule in cells that provides a form of energy that is usable by all body cells
144
phosphorylation
an enzyme transferring the terminal phosphate group from ATP to another molecule
145
cellular secretions
substances that aid in digestion (intestinal and gastric fluids) and some that act s lubricants (saliva, mucus, and serous fluids)
146
extracellular matrix
self-assembled, organized mesh of molecules in the extracellular space
147
cholesterol
makes up 20% of cell membrane;
stiffens the membrane
148
proteins
make up about half of plasma membrane by mass;
are responsible for specialized membrane functions
149
types of cell membrane proteins
1. transport
2. receptors for signal transduction
3. enzymatic activity
4. cell-cell recognition
5. attachment to the cytoskeleton and extracellular matrix (ECM)
6. cell-to-cell joining
150
transport proteins
two types: 1) channel 2) carrier
151
glycolyx
fuzzy, gel-like, sticky layer made up of mainly proteins & sugars;
glycoproteins serve as identification tags recognized by other cells
152
peripheral proteins
attach loosely and temporarily to the membrane
153
carbohydrates
found in outer surface of membrane;
act as identity molecules during development
154
simple diffusion
unassisted diffusion of lipid-soluble or very small particles
155
facilitated diffusion
assisted movement of molecules by a carrier molecule (ion channel or transport protein)
156
hydrostatic pressure
back pressure exerted by water against cell wall (ex.)
