Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Fall 2023 > EXAM 1 A&P > Flashcards

EXAM 1 A&P Flashcards

1
Q

anatomy

A

study of internal & external structures and the physical interrelationships between body parts

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

gross anatomy

A

features of the organism that can be seen with the naked eye

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

microscopic anatomy

A

study of structures that cannot be seen without the aid of magnification

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

physiology

A

study of how living organisms perform their vital functions; study of interactions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

anatomic position

A

a person is standing erect with arms alongside the body, palms facing anteriorly. Feet are parallel. Face and eyes are directed at the viewer.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

superior

A

cranial; toward the head; upper structure of the body; above

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

inferior

A

caudal; toward the lower part of the body; below

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

anterior

A

ventral; toward or at the front of the body

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

posterior

A

dorsal; toward or at the back of the body; behind

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

medial

A

toward or at the midline of the body; on the inner side

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

lateral

A

away from the midline of the body; on the outer side

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

intermediate

A

between a more medial and a more lateral structure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

unilateral

A

in reference to only one side of the body

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

bilateral

A

found on both sides of the body

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

ipsilateral

A

on the same side

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

supine

A

lying flat on the back (face up)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

prone

A

lying flat on the front (face down)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

contralateral

A

on opposite sides

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

proximal

A

closer to the origin of the body part or the point of attachment of a limb to the body trunk

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

distal

A

farther from the origin of the body part or the point of attachment of a limb to the body trunk

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

abdominal quadrants

A

divide abdominopelvic cavity into four quadrants;
an imaginary midsagittal line and an imaginary transverse line runs through the umbilicus.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

anatomical regions

A

divide the abdominopelvic cavity into nine regions;
two imaginary sagittal lines run through mid-clavicle, an imaginary transverse line runs just inferior to the ribs and another at the level of the iliac crest.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

the 4 abdominal quadrants

A

Right Upper Quadrant (RUQ)
Right Lower Quadrant (RLQ)
Left Upper Quadrant (LUQ)
Left Lower Quadrant (LLQ)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

the 9 anatomical regions

A

Right Hypochondriac Region,
Epigastric Region,
Left Hypochondriac Region,
Right Lumbar Region,
Umbilical Region,
Left Lumbar Region;
Right Inguinal (Iliac) Region;
Hypogastric Region;
Left Inguinal (Iliac) Region

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

pancreas

A

an organ located in the abdomen, behind stomach;
produces enzymes that help with digestion and sends out hormones that help regulate amount of sugar in the bloodstream.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

pancreas

A

поджелудочная железа

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

spleen

A

organ located in the upper left side; behind ribs & stomach;
participates in creation of blood and helps t filter out blood, removing old blood cells and fighting infection.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

kidneys

A

two bean-shaped organs located just below the ribs; one on each side of your spine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

function of healthy kidneys

A

filter out about half a cup of blood every minute, removing wastes and extra water to make urine.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

diaphragm

A

a large dome-shaped muscle used for respiration that is located just below lungs;
contracts rhythmically, continuously and , most f the time, involuntarily.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

What does diaphragm do upon inhalation?

A

It contracts and flattens and the chest cavity enlarges.
It creates a vacuum, which pulls air into lungs.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

What does diaphragm do upon exhalation?

A

It relaxes and returns to its dome-like shape.
Air is forced out of the lungs.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

manubrium

A

broad upper part of the sternum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

thymus

A

organ located just below sternum in the mediastinum cavity;
is responsible for production and maturation of immune cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

buccal

A

relating to inner cheek

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

trachea

A

windpipe;
cartilaginous tube that connects larynx to the bronchi of the lungs, allowing the passage of air

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

gallbladder

A

желчный пузырь

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

gallbladder

A

a small pear-shaped organ located just beneath the liver on the right side of the abdomen;
it produces a digestive fluid, bile, that is released into your small intestine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

antebrachium

A

forearm

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

caudal

A

хвостовой

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

superficial

A

external; toward or at the surface of the body

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

deep

A

internal; away from the body surface

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

body cavities

A

spaces within the body that hold specific body organs, protecting them and allowing them to change shape and size significantly

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

dorsal cavity

A

cavity suited near the back of the body;
involves a cranial and spinal cavities

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

vertebral cavity

A

spinal cavity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

ventral body cavity

A

cavity situated near the front of the body;
includes the thoraric and abdominopelvic cavities

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

adrenal glands

A

small, triangular-shaped organs that sit on top of the kidneys;
they produce hormones that help regulate metabolism, immune system, blood pressure, response to stress and other essential functions.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
48
Q

duodenum

A

first part of small intestine right beyond stomach

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
49
Q

sigmoid

A

terminal portion of large intestine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
50
Q

cranial cavity

A

holds the brain;
part of the dorsal cavity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
51
Q

vertebral cavity

A

holds the spinal cord;
part of the dorsal cavity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
52
Q

thoraric cavity

A

holds the pulmonary cavities and mediastinum;
organs include: lungs, trachea, thymus, heart, esophagus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
53
Q

abdominal cavity

A

cavity inferior to thoraric cavity and superior to pelvic;
organs found are liver, gallbladder, small intestine, large intestine, cecum, appendicitis, kidneys, adrenal glands, stomach, pancreas, spleen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
54
Q

pelvic cavity

A

cavity located inferior to abdominal cavity;
organs found are urinary bladder, rectum and reproductive organs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
55
Q

mediastinum

A

a membranous partition in between the lungs;
includes organs: trachea, esophagus, thymus, heart

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
56
Q

visceral peritoneum

A

a serous membrane that wraps around your abdominal organs that include your stomach, liver, spleen, parts of small and large intestine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
57
Q

intraperitoneal organs

A

organs inside visceral peritoneum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
58
Q

parietal peritoneum

A

outer layer of peritoneum that covers diaphragm, abdomen and pelvic walls

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
59
Q

serous membrane

A

a mesothelial tissue that lines certain internal cavities of the body, forming a smooth, transparent, two-layer membrane lubricated by a fluid derived from serum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
60
Q

serous fluid

A

a clear to pale yellow, watery fluid that is found in the body (especially in spaces between organs and the membranes that line or enclose them)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
61
Q

pericardium

A

a fluid-filled sac that surrounds your heart and the roots of the major blood vessels that extend from the heart

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
62
Q

visceral pericardium

A

a serous membrane that encloses the heart

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
63
Q

parietal pericardium

A

a serous membrane that lines inside the fibrous pericardium

64
Q

pleura

A

serous membrane that folds back on itself to form a two-layered membranous pleural sac

65
Q

parietal pleura

A

outside layer of pleura that attaches to the chest wall

66
Q

visceral pleura

A

the inner layer of pleura that covers the lungs, blood vessels, nerves, and bronchi

67
Q

fibers

A

волокна

68
Q

surface anatomy

A

study of general form and surface markings

69
Q

regional anatomy

A

all of the superficial and internal features of a specific region f the body

70
Q

systemic anatomy

A

the structures of the major organ systems

71
Q

cytology

A

study of internal structures of cells

72
Q

histology

A

study of tissues

73
Q

radiological anatomy

A

a study of macroscopic structures using various imagining techniques

74
Q

coronal plane

A

frontal plane;
a vertical or longitudinal plane of sectioning that divides the body or an organ into anterior and posterior portions

75
Q

sagittal plane

A

a vertical or longitudinal plane of sectioning that divides the body or an organ into right and left portions

76
Q

transverse plane

A

a horizontal line of sectioning that divides the body or organ into superior and inferior portions

77
Q

homeostasis

A

body’s ability to maintain relatively stable internal conditions continuously

78
Q

variable

A

factor or event being regulated

79
Q

elements of a homeostatic control center

A

stimulus, receptor, control center, effector, response

80
Q

function of control center in homeostasis regulation

A

determination of the set point, at which the variable is to be maintained

81
Q

negative feedback mechanisms

A

work to minimize changes in the value of a controlled variable

82
Q

positive feedback mechanisms

A

cascades that amplify the original stimulus

83
Q

homeostatic imbalance

A

a condition of homeostatic disturbance that may result in a disease

84
Q

teleological approach

A

attempts to explain the why; purpose of the process

85
Q

mechanistic approach

A

attempts to explain the how; cause and effect of the process

86
Q

extracellular fluid (ECF)

A

fluid environment around cells;
can be further divided into interstitial fluid and plasma

87
Q

plasma

A

liquid component of blood

88
Q

interstitial fluid

A

liquid found within tissues

89
Q

intracellular fluid (ICF)

A

cytoplasm;
fluid contained within all body cells;
makes up 40% of total human body weight;
comprised of water, dissolved electrolytes, and proteins

90
Q

Are ECF and ICF in osmotic equilibrium?

A

Yes, the overall concentration of the fluids in each compartment are equal to one another.

91
Q

Are ECF and ICF in chemical equilibrium?

A

No, they are in disequilibrium.
Higher concentrations of sodium chloride and bicarbonate in ECF.
Higher concentrations of potassium and proteins in the ICF.

92
Q

Are ECF and ICF in electrical equilibrium?

A

No, because the ICF has slightly more negative charges .

93
Q

intrinsic regulation

A

regulation that is achieved by the organs, tissues, and organ systems themselves;
it is done automatically

94
Q

extrinsic motivation

A

regulation that is achieved by the endocrine or nervous systems

95
Q

ocean acidification

A

the process by which the pH of the ocean of water is lowered when excess atmospheric CO2 dissolves in sea water.

96
Q

logarithmic scale of pH

A

shows that if the [H+] concentration changes by (x) 10 units, the pH changes by 1.

97
Q

independent variable

A

factor whose value is manipulated

98
Q

dependent variable

A

factor that is affected by the independent variable

99
Q

experimental group

A

treatment group; a group in an experiment that receives the treatment

100
Q

control group

A

a group in an experiment that does not receive the treatment;
may receive a placebo

101
Q

primary sources

A

ex: journals that are published multiple a year;
articles are peer-reviewed before published

102
Q

where does the independent variable found on the graph?

A

on the x-axis

103
Q

acid

A

a substance that releases hydrogen ions (H+) in detectable amounts; protein donors;
can react with many metals;
are sour

104
Q

hydrogen nucleus

A

a hydrogen ion (H+)

105
Q

What happens when acids dissolve in water?

A

they release positive hydrogen ions and negative ions;
concentration of protons determines the acidity

106
Q

bases

A

substances that take up hydrogen ions (H+) in detectable amounts;
proton acceptors;
are bitter and slippery

107
Q

hydroxides

A

common inorganic bases

108
Q

What happens when bases (hydroxides) dissolve in water?

A

Hydroxyl ions (OH-) and cations are liberated.

109
Q

bicarbonate ion

A

an important base in the body; found in blood

110
Q

ammonia

A

a common waste product of protein breakdown in the body;
is a base

111
Q

neutralization

A

a process that occurs when acids and bases are mixed;
they react with each other in displacement reactions to form water and a salt

112
Q

buffers

A

chemical systems such as proteins and other types of molecules that carefully regulate the homeostasis of acid-base balance

113
Q

What do buffers do when the pH of body fluids begins to rise?

A

They act as acids, releasing hydrogen ions.

114
Q

What do buffers do when the pH of body fluids begins to drop?

A

They act as bases, binding to the hydrogen ions.

115
Q

buffers

A

consist of a combination of a weak acid and a weak base

116
Q

strong acid

A

acids that dissociate completely and irreversibly in water;
they dramatically change the pH

117
Q

weak acid

A

acid that does not dissociate completely

118
Q

strong base

A

base that dissociate easily;
it ties up H+

119
Q

bicarbonate buffer system

A

H^2CO^3 (its week acid)
a system that helps maintain the pH homeostasis of the blood;
normally the pH varies between 7.35 and 7.45 (if varies few tenths from these limits may be fatal)
in it, carbonic acid (HCO^3) is its weak base.

120
Q

energy

A

capacity to do work/ put matter into motion

121
Q

chemical energy

A

form of energy stored in the bonds of chemical substances

122
Q

mechanical energy

A

energy directly involved in moving matter

123
Q

radiant energy

A

electromagnetic radiation;
energy that travels in waves;
variation in length refers to electromagnetic spectrum;
these waves include radio waves, microwaves, infrared waves, visible light, ultraviolet waves

124
Q

types of chemical reactions

A
  1. synthesis/ combination
  2. decomposition
  3. exchange/ displacement reaction
125
Q

synthesis

A

combination;
atoms combine to form a larger, more complex molecule;
always involves bond formation;
anabolic reaction

126
Q

decomposition

A

bonds are broken in larger molecules, resulting in smaller ones;
catabolic reaction

127
Q

exchange reaction

A

displacement reaction;
involves synthesis and decomposition;
parts of the reactant molecules change partners

128
Q

oxidation-reduction reaction

A

redox reaction;
a special type f exchange reaction, in which an electrons are exchanged between reactants

129
Q

oxidized reactant

A

the reactant losing an electron;
an electron donor

130
Q

reduced reactant

A

the reactant taking up the transferred electrons;
an elector acceptor

131
Q

oxidation

A

gain of oxygen, loss of hydrogen, or the loss (or partial loss) of electrons

132
Q

exergonic reactions

A

reactions that release energy

133
Q

endergonic reactions

A

reactions that result in products that contain more potential energy in their chemical bonds than did the reactants

134
Q

chemical equilibrium

A

achieved once there is no further net change in the amounts of reactants and products unless more of either is added to the mix

135
Q

dipole

A

a polar molecule with two poles of charge

136
Q

atomic number

A

number of protons

137
Q

mass number

A

sum of protons and neutrons

138
Q

atomic weight

A

average of the weights of all isotopes of an element

139
Q

radioisotopes

A

isotopes with the same number of protons;
each number of neutrons is different (never equals the number of protons)

140
Q

hydration layers

A

layers of water molecules that surround large molecules, such as proteins, shielding them from the effects of other charged substances in the vicinity

141
Q

dehydration synthesis

A

a process that joins monomers, during which a hydrogen atom is removed from one monomer and a hydroxyl group removed from the monomer it is to be joined with;
as a covalent bond unites the monomers, a water molecule is released.

142
Q

hydrolysis

A

the opposite of dehydration;
breaking of molecules through addition of a water molecule

143
Q

adenosine triphosphate (ATP)

A

primary energy-transferring molecule in cells that provides a form of energy that is usable by all body cells

144
Q

phosphorylation

A

an enzyme transferring the terminal phosphate group from ATP to another molecule

145
Q

cellular secretions

A

substances that aid in digestion (intestinal and gastric fluids) and some that act s lubricants (saliva, mucus, and serous fluids)

146
Q

extracellular matrix

A

self-assembled, organized mesh of molecules in the extracellular space

147
Q

cholesterol

A

makes up 20% of cell membrane;
stiffens the membrane

148
Q

proteins

A

make up about half of plasma membrane by mass;
are responsible for specialized membrane functions

149
Q

types of cell membrane proteins

A
  1. transport
  2. receptors for signal transduction
  3. enzymatic activity
  4. cell-cell recognition
  5. attachment to the cytoskeleton and extracellular matrix (ECM)
  6. cell-to-cell joining
150
Q

transport proteins

A

two types: 1) channel 2) carrier

151
Q

glycolyx

A

fuzzy, gel-like, sticky layer made up of mainly proteins & sugars;
glycoproteins serve as identification tags recognized by other cells

152
Q

peripheral proteins

A

attach loosely and temporarily to the membrane

153
Q

carbohydrates

A

found in outer surface of membrane;
act as identity molecules during development

154
Q

simple diffusion

A

unassisted diffusion of lipid-soluble or very small particles

155
Q

facilitated diffusion

A

assisted movement of molecules by a carrier molecule (ion channel or transport protein)

156
Q

hydrostatic pressure

A

back pressure exerted by water against cell wall (ex.)

Fall 2023 (14 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions