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Anatomy and physiology of Domesticated Animals > Lab Exam 2 > Flashcards

Lab Exam 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Cerebral Cortex (Cerebrum)

A
  • the largest part of the human brain associated with higher brain function (thought and action)
  • has two halves or hemispheres
  • intentions, consciousness
  • 4 lobes
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2
Q

Tapetum lucidum

A
  • “bright carpet”, part of choroid layer
  • iridescent or metallic luster that reflects some light back to the retina improving light in low light conditions
  • animals with good night vision (cats and cows but not humans or pigs)
  • reason for eyes shining in light during SCOTOPHASE
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3
Q

Fovea

A
  • the center of the macula that only contains cones (humans)

- this is where all critical vision occurs

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4
Q

Sclerotic coat

A
  • tough, white outer layer that protects and gives shape to the eyeball
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5
Q

Two principle cells in the brain

A

1) neuron- white and gray matter

2) glia

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6
Q

Accommodation

A
  • adjustment in the shape of the lens primarily through the action of suspensory ligaments and ciliary muscles (focusing on retina)
  • ability of the eye to change its focus from distant to near objects, and vice versa
  • the posterior surface of the lens changes little due to the pressure of the vitreous humor
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7
Q

Ciliary body

A
  • thickening of the choroid layer
  • have ciliary muscles
  • eye fluids are produced here
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8
Q

Gray matter

A
  • primarily nerve cell bodies(NCB) and support cells

- the more of this, the more nerve cells, the more complex

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9
Q

4 lobes of the cerebral cortex

A

1) Frontal lobe- REASONING, planning, parts of speech, movement, problem solving
2) parietal lobe- MOVEMENT, orientation, recognition, perception of stimuli
3) occipital lobe- VISUAL processing
4) temporal lobe- perception and recognition of AUDITORY/OLFACTORY stimuli, memory and speech

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10
Q

Cross section of spinal chord

White vs gray matter

A
  • white on outside

- gray on inside

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11
Q

How do horses view objects that are close up or further away? Accommodation

A
  • their eyes are located in the sides of their heads so they have limited binocular vision
  • they reposition their heads to aid in focusing images on the macula
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12
Q

Z line

A
  • boundary line for a sarcomere

- gives skeletal muscle the striated(striped) look

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13
Q

Ganglion

A
  • a cluster of cell bodies outside the CNS
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14
Q

Actin

A
  • the thin mylofilament of sarcomeres

- contains troponin and tropomyosin

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15
Q

Macula lutea

A
  • area of retina that has the most acute vision
  • has highest concentration of rods and cones, so can focus image easier
  • where the eye tries to focus the image
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16
Q

Brain stem

A
  • medulla oblongata

- pons

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17
Q

Why do albinos eyes lack color?

A
  • bc there is no pigment in the choroid, so the Iris will also have no color
  • but you will be able to see pink/red eye color from their blood vessels
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18
Q

Ventral, dorsal, superior, inferior

A

1) Ventral- toward the belly (front)
2) dorsal- toward the back
3) superior- toward the top of the head/body
4) inferior- beneath

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19
Q

Optic disk

A
  • where the optic nerve leaves the retina, there are no rods or cones
  • causes a blind spot
  • blind spot in horses is straight down, so of they wanna see the ground they must tilt their head
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20
Q

During muscle contraction what occurs?

A
  • the A band does not change because the myosin does not change sizes
  • the I band and M line will decrease
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21
Q

Pituitary gland

A
  • endocrine organ
  • behind the optic chiasma
  • a tumor results in blindness
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22
Q

White matter

A
  • (MYELINATED) axons, or fibers, portion of the nerve cell (communication)
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23
Q

Lens

A
  • used to FOCUS THE IMAGE on the retina, “fine tuning” of the image
  • are biconvex and transparent
  • dehydrated compared to most body organs, high protein content (33%) and 66% water
  • can undergo accommodation
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24
Q

Cornea

A
  • the transparent outer covering of the eye, FOCUSES THE LIGHT RAYS on the retina
  • astigmatism is an abnormality in the shape of the cornea which results in improper focusing of light rays and blurry or out of focus images
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25
Q

Epimysium

A
  • the skeletal connective tissue around the whole muscle
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26
Q

Rods

A
  • function in dim light
  • contain rhodopsin, retinal an aldehyde of retinol (vitamin A)
  • has more photopigment than cones, more sensitive to light
  • vitamin A not synthesized in humans so definition u in diet will create night blindness
  • if shift focus off of macula and on to rods you can see better in late or early hours
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27
Q

Vitreous humor

A
  • semigelatinous fluid
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28
Q

Olfactory bulbs

A
  • cranial nerve #1
  • control the sense of smell
    Ex: sheep vs beagle
  • beagle larger than sheets
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29
Q

Emmetropia

A
  • 20/20 vision

- retina is in complete focus of the eye

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30
Q

Ciliary muscles

A
  • used for changing lens shape for focusing on near objects
  • get weaker with age
  • they relax when the eye is at rest, when the eye is focused on distant objects
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31
Q

Nerve

A
  • a bundle of axons outside of the CNS
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32
Q

Hyperopia

A
  • far sighted vision
  • focus is behind the retina
  • to fix this need to be closer to object
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33
Q

What spinal chord did we talk about in lab

A
  • cow spinal chord
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34
Q

Thalamus

A
  • between cerebrum and midbrain

- relay center to and from the cerebrum

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35
Q

Hypothalamus

A
  • involved in thermoregulation, rage, satiety, osmolarity and thirst
  • controls anterior and posterior pituitary glands
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36
Q

Anterior chamber

A
  • between cornea and iris

- filled with aqueous humor

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37
Q

Cerebellum

A
  • MOTOR FUNCTION and movements
  • rate and gait (how fast/smoothly you move)
  • does what the cerebrum says to do
  • distinctive ARBOR VITAE (tree of life), “little brain”
  • gray and white matter
38
Q

Sclera

A
  • a place for muscle attachment to move the eye

- “white of the eye”

39
Q

What animals have a tapetum and what do not?

A
  • cows and cats have it

- humans and pigs do not

40
Q

Pupil

A
  • opening in the center of the iris
41
Q

Posterior chamber

A
  • between Iris and lens

- filled with aqueous humor

42
Q

Medulla oblongata

A
  • extension of the spinal chord

- vegetative/reflex functions such as cardiovascular, respiratory, sneezing, crying, vomiting

43
Q

H zone

A
  • only contains the thick mylofilament(myosin), not including the part that overlaps the actin
44
Q

Ventricles

A
  • chambers around thalamus filled with cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) essentially cushioning the entire CNS in a fluid filled protective layer
  • infections of the CSF is meningitis
  • can also cause hydrocephalus if CSF buildup
45
Q

Corpus callosum

A
  • above ventricle
  • COORDINATES functions between right and left hemispheres
  • consists of white axons going from one side of brain to the other
46
Q

Skeletal muscle cells

A
  • long multinucleated cylinders separated by connective tissue
  • striated appearance
  • peripheral nuclei (multinucleated cells)
  • differential staining (light and dark cells)
47
Q

Meninges

A
  • outermost covering of the CNS, covers entire brain

3 layers

1) dura mater- outermost and toughest layer
2) arachnoid- fluid filled space, middle layer
3) piameter- blood vessels, most inner layer

  • meningitis=infection
48
Q

Endomysium

A
  • the skeletal connective tissue for individual cells

- each muscle cell (fiber) is isolated from its neighbors by this layer

49
Q

Midbrain

A
  • mesencephalon

- involved in vision, hearing, motor control, sleep/wake, arousal, temperature regulation

50
Q

What two proteins are involved in muscle contraction

A
  • troponin and tropomyosin
51
Q

Vitreous Body

A
  • large cavity behind the lens

- filled with a vitreous humor

52
Q

Skeletal muscle connective tissue layers

A

1) endomysium
2) perimysium
3) epimysium

53
Q

Sarcomeres

A
  • alternating mylofilaments
  • multiple nuclei, banding and striations

1) myosin (thick)
2) actin (thin)

54
Q

Cross section of brain

White matter vs gray matter

A
  • gray on outside

- white on inside

55
Q

Myosin

A
  • thick mylofilament of sarcomeres
56
Q

Cataracts

A
  • a clouding of the lens, decrease in light receptors on the retina
57
Q

Optic Chiasma

A
  • cranial nerve #2
  • connects nerves to your eyes
  • fat behind the eye socket, when people are sick eyes become sunken bc they lose fat behind eye
  • occipital lobe (birds have a very large one)
58
Q

Retina

A
  • innermost layer of the eye, contains rods and cones

- if detached eye will not work

59
Q

What animal eyes did you study in lab?

A
  • Primarily cow eyes, but also pig eyes
60
Q

Interoreceptors and proprioceptors

A
  • internal sensations such as hunger, thirst and muscle position
61
Q

A band

A
  • contains ALL of the thick mylofilament (myosin) and overlaps the thin mylofilament (actin)
62
Q

Limbic system

A
  • emotions and memory
63
Q

Gyri and sulci

A
  • Raised Ridges and grooves
  • increase the surface area of the brain, the more conjugated (more nerve cell bodies, NCB) -> the more complex

Ex: sheep vs human vs chicken

  • sheep semi conjugated
  • humans very conjugated
  • chicken smooth
64
Q

Hippocampus

A
  • memory functions

- looks like a sea horse

65
Q

Suspensory ligament

A
  • fibers arising from the ciliary body and attaching to the lens
  • keeps the lens in place
  • causes flattening of the lens when the choroid layer and ciliary body exert tension
66
Q

What brain did we dissect in class

A
  • sheep brain
67
Q

Dura Mater

A
  • tough outermost layer of spinal chord
68
Q

Iris

A
  • extension of choroid layer
  • regulates the amount of light passing through the lens
  • contains pupil
69
Q

What happens when you focus on closer objects? Accommodation

A
  • CILIARY MUSCLES CONTRACT pulling the choroid layer forward decreasing the tension on the suspensory ligaments and allows the LENS to be more ROUND
70
Q

Cones

A
  • function in bright light and color perception
  • have 3 visual pigments that absorb red, green and blue wavelengths
  • are in the retina
71
Q

Conjunctiva

A
  • a thin membrane continuous with the inner surface of the eyelid and adhering to the cornea
72
Q

Pons

A
  • bridge from spinal chord to the rest of the brain

- involved in sleep, respiration, swallowing, hearing, equilibrium, taste

73
Q

Rhodopsin

A
  • in the rods

- it is visual purple (turns purple after green and blue wavelengths are absorbed)

74
Q

Exteroreceptors

A
  • external sense organs
75
Q

Denticulate ligaments

A
  • bilateral thickenings of pia mater that suspend the spinal chord within the dura mater
76
Q

Pig eye

A
  • has a fat deposit behind the bony socket

- if becomes ill will lose the fat and the eye will become sunken

77
Q

Conjunctivitis or pink eye

A
  • an infection of the conjunctiva
78
Q

I band

A
  • stretches over 2 sarcomeres adjacent to eachother

- contains only the thin filament (actin)

79
Q

Pineal gland

A
  • small endocrine gland (melatonin)
  • responsible for seasonal effects (breeding, coat color, texture changes) and our response to daily photoperiodic rhythms (jet lag)
80
Q

Myopia

A
  • near sighted
  • focus is in front of the retina
  • to fix this need to move further away
81
Q

Choroid

A
  • pigmented (black), vascular layer that prevents internal reflection of light rays
82
Q

Optic nerve

A
  • sensory afferent from the eye

- carries rods and cones from macula to the brain

83
Q

Nucleus

A
  • a cluster of cell bodies inside the CNS
84
Q

What happens when you focus on distant objects? Accommodation

A
  • the eye is at rest, therefore the CILIARY MUSCLES RELAX

- the choroid layer exerts tension on the suspensory ligaments and the FLATTENING of the LENS

85
Q

Aqueous humor

A
  • clean, watery fluid over the eye, but under the cornea

- constantly being produced and reabsorbed

86
Q

What animals can see UV light?

A
  • birds
87
Q

Perimysium

A
  • the skeletal connective tissue for separate groups of cells
  • isolates groups of muscle cells
  • blood vessels and nerves
88
Q

Glaucoma

A
  • a buildup of aqueous humor
  • increase in intraocular pression result in constant headaches
  • can result in decreased blood flow to the retina and permanent vision loss
89
Q

Astigmatism

A
  • an abnormality in the shape of the cornea that results in improper focusing of the light rays and blurry or out of focus images
90
Q

Tract

A
  • a bundle of axons inside the CNS
91
Q

Meningitis

A
  • infection of the cerebral spinal fluid
92
Q

Hydrocephalus

A
  • buildup of cerebral spinal fluid

Anatomy and physiology of Domesticated Animals (6 decks)

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