Exam 2 Flashcards
Epimysium
- surrounds entire muscle cell
Hippocampus
- learning and memory (short term)
- sea horse shaped
White muscle fiber
- glycolytic
- type II- has rapid short duration
- pale (chicken breast)
Troponin
- affinity for calcium
ATP
- only source used directly for contractile activities
- return of Na + and K+ after action potential in neuron/Sarcolemma
Z line
- ends of the sarcomere
Colostrum
- first milk
- contains antibodies or immunoglobulins(IgG or IgM)
- passive transfer of antibodies in many species
Not humans - placenta
Not birds - egg yolk
Parietal lobe
- movement, orientation
Plasticity
- brain can be remodeled or rewired
Polarized at rest
- inside is negative with respect to outside of the cell
- resting potential = -60 to -90 mV
Midbrain
- mesencephalon
- controls eye movements
- auditory and visual reflexes
Hypophysis
- pituitary gland
Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)/ vasopressin
- produced by hypothalamus
- increases kidney pressure
- increases water uptake by the kidneys
- attempts to conserve water
- promotes reabsorption of water, less urine
Melanocyte stimulating hormone (MSH)
- produced by pituitary gland
- causes darkening of the skin
- helps in camouflage
- production of summer coat in weasels, foxes
Prion disease
- protein + infection
- transmissible spongiform encephalopathies (TSE)
ATP regenerated by 3 mechanisms
1) direct phosphorylation of ADP by creatine phosphate
- (10-15 seconds)
2) anaerobic pathway (glycolysis -> lactic acid)
- (30-40 seconds)
3) aerobic respiration
- minutes
Hypothalamus
- controls food intake, water intake
Amnesia
- loss of memory
Adenohypophysis
- anterior pituitary gland
- glandular, or produces hormones
- growth hormone
- prolactin
- glycoprotein hormones (alpha and beta)
Hypothalamus
- site of synthesis, NCB
- controls anterior/posterior pituitary glands
- regulates osmolarity, temperature, hunger, rage
Cross section of brain
White vs gray matter
Gray on outside
White on inside
3 nuclei inside cerebrum
1) amygdala
2) hippocampus
3) limbic system
Supra normal period
- threshold to rest, since it’s above rest easier to reach threshold
Depolarized
- when active reverses polarity
- Na + in, K+ out
Muscle cells
- are excitable (polarized at rest)
- conducts electricity (action potential over cell membrane)
- turns chemical potential energy into mechanical energy
Active Immunity
- you make the antibodies yourself
Ex: vaccinated
What makes neurons able to conduct electric potential?
- the whole cell is electrically charged AT REST
- negative on inside, positive on outside
- more potassium on inside, more sodium on outside
I band
- contains only actin
- size changes
Pons
- bridge between spinal chord and brain
- relay between cerebrum and cerebellum
- also works with medulla to control respiration
Neurohypophysis (Pars Nervosa)
- posterior pituitary gland
- neural
- stores oxytocin and vasopressin
- hormones produced in hypothalamus and released from here
Right hemisphere of brain
- representational area (sensory info)
Frontal lobe
- problem solving, reasoning, planning
Somatomotor
- output
Reticular activating system (RAS)
- contains Reticular formation
- sleep disorders
- if you are narcoleptic or have insomnia have a problem with this
Gigantism
- excess of growth hormone
Vagues nerve
- cranial nerve #10
- goes to the heart, decrease heart rate
- major parasympathetic nerve that goes to heart
Red fiber muscle
- oxidative
- type I- slow sustained fibers
- dark (chicken legs)
Proprioceptive
- your body keeping track of you
- input of where you are in space
Actin
- thin mylofilaments
- I band is made up of only this
- includes troponin and tropomyosin
Cardiac muscle
- have an intrinsic tone/rhythm even in the absence of nervous system
- pacemaker cells maintain rhythm
- striated, mono nucleated
- connected by intercalated disks, interdigitate
Tropomyosin
- covers active/myosin binding sites on actin
Amygdala
- emotions
Hyperpolarized
- when more polarized than at rest
Bovine spongiform encephalopathies
- type of prion disease
- mad cow disease
Muscle memory
- motor learning (cerebrum-> cerebellum)
- riding a bike, throwing frisbee
2 phases of neuron
- once membrane is partially Depolarized it is easier to reach threshold potential
Phase 1) depolarization to action potential= absolute refractory
Phase 2) repolarization to threshold=relative refractory
Phase 3) threshold to rest= supra normal
Phase 4) below rest= subnormal
M line
- center of H zone
Reflexive/Procedural Long term memory
- automatic, not conscious
- acquire slowly, repetitive
- muscle memory
- rules like a period at the end of a sentence
- Amygdala and cerebellum
Passive transport
- not doing any extra work just eating
- when mother passes on immunoglobulins via colostrum
Subliminal stimulus
- one that does not reach threshold
Perimysium
- surrounds groups of muscle cells, fascicles
Luteinizing hormone (LH)
- gamete release
- glycoprotein hormone
- gonad stimulating (gonadotropin)
Liminal stimulus
- stimulus that reaches threshold
- rare
- ex: EPSP
Sarcoplasmic reticulum
- encircle and parallel to myofibrils
Chronic wasting disease
- type of prion disease
- affects deer and elk
Homunculus
- “little person”
- somatotropic representation of the cerebrum between the frontal(motor) and parietal(sensory) lobes
Cerebrum
- thought
Pineal gland
- sometimes called the third eye
- melatonin reproduction(increases during scotophase) and circadian rhythms (seasonal effects and jet lag)
Meninges
- protects the brain from outside has 3 layers
1) dura mater- toughest outer layer of the skull
2) arachnoid- contains CSF (fluid filled)
3) pia mater- contains blood vessels
Axon
- output from the nerve cell body to the terminal end
Somatosensory
- input
Satiety
- when you are full
Cerebellum
- “little brain”
- coordinates movement with pons, spinal chord
- posture, muscle movements, rate and gait
- has arbor vitae
Endomysium
- surrounds individual skeletal muscle cells
Fast fibers
- produce rapid, powerful contractions of short duration
- obtain their ATP from anaerobic glycolysis
Narcoleptic
- sleep during the day
Electro encephalogram (EEG)
- measures brain activity
Neurons vs electric wire
- neurons conduct electricity slower than the electric wire
- neurons do not lose any energy in conduction
Central nervous system
- encased in bone
- consists of the brain and spinal chord
Cerebellum
- motor movements
Specific Dynamic Action (SDA)
- post prandial (after a meal)
- meal is digesting and body temperature goes up
Which affects most?
- Proteins
- Fat
- Carbohydrates
Neuron
- single cell
- functional unit of the nervous system
Subnormal period
- below rest in the refractory period area
Thyrotropin releasing hormone
- released by the hypothalamus for regulation
Smooth muscle
- non striated
- involuntary muscles found in the walls of organs
- each smooth muscle has one nucleus (mono-nucleated)
Temporal lobe
- perception and recognition of auditory and olfactory stimuli, memory and speech
Sarcoplasm
- cytoplasm of myocyte, contains myoglobin and calcium ions
- inside muscle cell membrane
Brain stem
1) medulla oblongata
2) pons
3) midbrain
Olfactory nerve
- cranial nerve #1/12 (sensory)
- sense of smell
Order of muscle cell
1) epimysium
2) perimysium
3) muscle bundles (fascicles)
4) endomysium
5) muscle fiber surrounded by Sarcolemma*
6) sarcomere
7) myofibril
8) myofilaments
Occipital lobe
- visual processing
- very important in birds
Absolute refractory period
- amount of time the action potential takes
- no stimulus, no matter how strong will illicit a response
Threshold potential
- usually -30 to - 50 mV
- all or none once reached there WILL be an action potential
- opens voltage gated Na channels, allows it to flow in
- decreases membrane resistance, increases conductance
Myosin
- thick mylofilaments
- H zone is made up of ONLY this
Sarcolemma
- the membrane surrounding the muscle fibers
- muscle cell membrane
Dwarfism
- deficiency in growth hormone
H zone
- contains only myosin
- size changes
Schwann cells
- separated by nodes of ranvier or intermodal spaces
- myelin sheath
- produce myelin
- in the PNS
Ipsilateral
- same side
Slow fibers
- can contract for long periods of time
- fatigue resistant
- abundant mitochondria
- extensive capillary supply
- high concentration of myoglobin
Nodes of ranvier
- intermodal spaces
- separate Schwann cells
Sarcomere
- functional unit of skeletal muscle
- length is not constant
T-tubules
- perpendicular to myofibrils
- indentations of the Sarcolemma
Adrenocorticotropic hormone
- stimulates adrenal cortex with cortisol
- glycoid protein hormone
Insomnia
- difficulty falling asleep
Afferent nerves
- go TO the CNS
Optic nerve (chiasma)
- cranial nerve #2 (sensory)
- connects eye nerves to brain, vision
Temporal neurons
- one stimulus after another
Efferent nerves
- AWAY from the CNS
Ataxia
- when we have problems with the cerebellum, or movement
- normally ipsilateral
Trigeminal nerve
- cranial nerve # 5
- has to do with all of your facial movement and chewing
Creutzfeldt-Jason Disease
- occurred in humans, cannibals
- type of prion disease
Spatial neurons
- stimulus converge on each other
A band
- contains both actin and myosin
- size does not change
Anterograde amnesia
- cannot form new memories
Ex: Diazepam(Valium) or halcion
Left hemisphere of the brain
- interpretive and speech area (reading, writing, speaking)
Oxytocin
- produced by hypothalamus
- milk letdown, milk ejection
Females: uterine contractions
Males: ejaculation
Association areas
- put things together differently
- long term memories are stored in the appropriate sections of this
Repolarized
- when returned to resting potential
- Na+ out, K+ in
Thyroid stimulating hormone
- release of thyroid hormone
- glycoprotein hormone
Retrograde amnesia
- lose long term memory
Prefrontal lobotomy
- removes tensions, worry
- frontal lobe
- problem is that people would not worry about stopping walking before reaching a wall for ex
Skeletal muscle
- striated, multinucleated
- voluntary
- muscle attached to the Skeleton for voluntary movement
Nuclei
- collection of neurons with common functions
Reticular formation
- what wakes you up, makes you alert and conscious
- activates the entire brain, wakes brain up
- activates cerebral cortex Via thalamus
Leptin
- produced by fat cells
- eating drive is off, metabolism increase
- delays puberty bc super thin don’t have body reserves to support another life
Limbic system
- Amygdala + hippocampus
- link between cognitive (reason) and emotions (fear)
- long term memory is stored in association areas
Dendrite
- input through the cell
Terminal cistarnae
- bulbous ends of the Sarcoplasmic reticulum
Nerve cell body
- where the nucleus is
- soma
Peripheral Nervous System
- spinal nerves (to and from spinal chord)
- cranial nerves (to and from the brain)
- autonomic nervous system (sympathetic and parasympathetic)
Medulla oblongata
- involved in reflex/vegetative functions such as breathing, HR, vomiting, crying, swallowing, righting yourself
- control of involuntary centers (nuclei)
- without this you are vegetative, will need life support
Declarative/Explicit long term memory
- requires conscious attention for recall
- temporal lobe
Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH)
- conversion of androgen to estrogen
- glycoprotein hormone
- gonad stimulating (gonadotropin)
Relative refractory period
- during repolarization phase until reaches the threshold
- a larger than usual stimulus is required to start a new action potential
Cerebrum
- has sensory, motor and association areas(memory)
- has 4 lobes
Andrenergic receptors
- alpha and beta
- SNS
