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Anatomy and physiology of Domesticated Animals > Exam 2 > Flashcards

Exam 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Epimysium

A
  • surrounds entire muscle cell
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2
Q

Hippocampus

A
  • learning and memory (short term)

- sea horse shaped

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3
Q

White muscle fiber

A
  • glycolytic
  • type II- has rapid short duration
  • pale (chicken breast)
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4
Q

Troponin

A
  • affinity for calcium
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5
Q

ATP

A
  • only source used directly for contractile activities

- return of Na + and K+ after action potential in neuron/Sarcolemma

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6
Q

Z line

A
  • ends of the sarcomere
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7
Q

Colostrum

A
  • first milk
  • contains antibodies or immunoglobulins(IgG or IgM)
  • passive transfer of antibodies in many species

Not humans - placenta
Not birds - egg yolk

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8
Q

Parietal lobe

A
  • movement, orientation
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9
Q

Plasticity

A
  • brain can be remodeled or rewired
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10
Q

Polarized at rest

A
  • inside is negative with respect to outside of the cell

- resting potential = -60 to -90 mV

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11
Q

Midbrain

A
  • mesencephalon
  • controls eye movements
  • auditory and visual reflexes
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12
Q

Hypophysis

A
  • pituitary gland
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13
Q

Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)/ vasopressin

A
  • produced by hypothalamus
  • increases kidney pressure
  • increases water uptake by the kidneys
  • attempts to conserve water
  • promotes reabsorption of water, less urine
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14
Q

Melanocyte stimulating hormone (MSH)

A
  • produced by pituitary gland
  • causes darkening of the skin
  • helps in camouflage
  • production of summer coat in weasels, foxes
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15
Q

Prion disease

A
  • protein + infection

- transmissible spongiform encephalopathies (TSE)

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16
Q

ATP regenerated by 3 mechanisms

A

1) direct phosphorylation of ADP by creatine phosphate
- (10-15 seconds)

2) anaerobic pathway (glycolysis -> lactic acid)
- (30-40 seconds)

3) aerobic respiration
- minutes

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17
Q

Hypothalamus

A
  • controls food intake, water intake
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18
Q

Amnesia

A
  • loss of memory
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19
Q

Adenohypophysis

A
  • anterior pituitary gland
  • glandular, or produces hormones
  • growth hormone
  • prolactin
  • glycoprotein hormones (alpha and beta)
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20
Q

Hypothalamus

A
  • site of synthesis, NCB
  • controls anterior/posterior pituitary glands
  • regulates osmolarity, temperature, hunger, rage
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21
Q

Cross section of brain

White vs gray matter

A

Gray on outside

White on inside

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22
Q

3 nuclei inside cerebrum

A

1) amygdala
2) hippocampus
3) limbic system

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23
Q

Supra normal period

A
  • threshold to rest, since it’s above rest easier to reach threshold
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24
Q

Depolarized

A
  • when active reverses polarity

- Na + in, K+ out

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25
Q

Muscle cells

A
  • are excitable (polarized at rest)
  • conducts electricity (action potential over cell membrane)
  • turns chemical potential energy into mechanical energy
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26
Q

Active Immunity

A
  • you make the antibodies yourself

Ex: vaccinated

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27
Q

What makes neurons able to conduct electric potential?

A
  • the whole cell is electrically charged AT REST
  • negative on inside, positive on outside
  • more potassium on inside, more sodium on outside
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28
Q

I band

A
  • contains only actin

- size changes

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29
Q

Pons

A
  • bridge between spinal chord and brain
  • relay between cerebrum and cerebellum
  • also works with medulla to control respiration
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30
Q

Neurohypophysis (Pars Nervosa)

A
  • posterior pituitary gland
  • neural
  • stores oxytocin and vasopressin
  • hormones produced in hypothalamus and released from here
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31
Q

Right hemisphere of brain

A
  • representational area (sensory info)
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32
Q

Frontal lobe

A
  • problem solving, reasoning, planning
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33
Q

Somatomotor

A
  • output
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34
Q

Reticular activating system (RAS)

A
  • contains Reticular formation
  • sleep disorders
  • if you are narcoleptic or have insomnia have a problem with this
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35
Q

Gigantism

A
  • excess of growth hormone
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36
Q

Vagues nerve

A
  • cranial nerve #10
  • goes to the heart, decrease heart rate
  • major parasympathetic nerve that goes to heart
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37
Q

Red fiber muscle

A
  • oxidative
  • type I- slow sustained fibers
  • dark (chicken legs)
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38
Q

Proprioceptive

A
  • your body keeping track of you

- input of where you are in space

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39
Q

Actin

A
  • thin mylofilaments
  • I band is made up of only this
  • includes troponin and tropomyosin
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40
Q

Cardiac muscle

A
  • have an intrinsic tone/rhythm even in the absence of nervous system
  • pacemaker cells maintain rhythm
  • striated, mono nucleated
  • connected by intercalated disks, interdigitate
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41
Q

Tropomyosin

A
  • covers active/myosin binding sites on actin
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42
Q

Amygdala

A
  • emotions
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43
Q

Hyperpolarized

A
  • when more polarized than at rest
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44
Q

Bovine spongiform encephalopathies

A
  • type of prion disease

- mad cow disease

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45
Q

Muscle memory

A
  • motor learning (cerebrum-> cerebellum)

- riding a bike, throwing frisbee

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46
Q

2 phases of neuron

A
  • once membrane is partially Depolarized it is easier to reach threshold potential

Phase 1) depolarization to action potential= absolute refractory

Phase 2) repolarization to threshold=relative refractory

Phase 3) threshold to rest= supra normal

Phase 4) below rest= subnormal

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47
Q

M line

A
  • center of H zone
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48
Q

Reflexive/Procedural Long term memory

A
  • automatic, not conscious
  • acquire slowly, repetitive
  • muscle memory
  • rules like a period at the end of a sentence
  • Amygdala and cerebellum
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49
Q

Passive transport

A
  • not doing any extra work just eating

- when mother passes on immunoglobulins via colostrum

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50
Q

Subliminal stimulus

A
  • one that does not reach threshold
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51
Q

Perimysium

A
  • surrounds groups of muscle cells, fascicles
52
Q

Luteinizing hormone (LH)

A
  • gamete release
  • glycoprotein hormone
  • gonad stimulating (gonadotropin)
53
Q

Liminal stimulus

A
  • stimulus that reaches threshold
  • rare
  • ex: EPSP
54
Q

Sarcoplasmic reticulum

A
  • encircle and parallel to myofibrils
55
Q

Chronic wasting disease

A
  • type of prion disease

- affects deer and elk

56
Q

Homunculus

A
  • “little person”

- somatotropic representation of the cerebrum between the frontal(motor) and parietal(sensory) lobes

57
Q

Cerebrum

A
  • thought
58
Q

Pineal gland

A
  • sometimes called the third eye

- melatonin reproduction(increases during scotophase) and circadian rhythms (seasonal effects and jet lag)

59
Q

Meninges

A
  • protects the brain from outside has 3 layers

1) dura mater- toughest outer layer of the skull
2) arachnoid- contains CSF (fluid filled)
3) pia mater- contains blood vessels

60
Q

Axon

A
  • output from the nerve cell body to the terminal end
61
Q

Somatosensory

A
  • input
62
Q

Satiety

A
  • when you are full
63
Q

Cerebellum

A
  • “little brain”
  • coordinates movement with pons, spinal chord
  • posture, muscle movements, rate and gait
  • has arbor vitae
64
Q

Endomysium

A
  • surrounds individual skeletal muscle cells
65
Q

Fast fibers

A
  • produce rapid, powerful contractions of short duration

- obtain their ATP from anaerobic glycolysis

66
Q

Narcoleptic

A
  • sleep during the day
67
Q

Electro encephalogram (EEG)

A
  • measures brain activity
68
Q

Neurons vs electric wire

A
  • neurons conduct electricity slower than the electric wire

- neurons do not lose any energy in conduction

69
Q

Central nervous system

A
  • encased in bone

- consists of the brain and spinal chord

70
Q

Cerebellum

A
  • motor movements
71
Q

Specific Dynamic Action (SDA)

A
  • post prandial (after a meal)
  • meal is digesting and body temperature goes up

Which affects most?

  1. Proteins
  2. Fat
  3. Carbohydrates
72
Q

Neuron

A
  • single cell

- functional unit of the nervous system

73
Q

Subnormal period

A
  • below rest in the refractory period area
74
Q

Thyrotropin releasing hormone

A
  • released by the hypothalamus for regulation
75
Q

Smooth muscle

A
  • non striated
  • involuntary muscles found in the walls of organs
  • each smooth muscle has one nucleus (mono-nucleated)
76
Q

Temporal lobe

A
  • perception and recognition of auditory and olfactory stimuli, memory and speech
77
Q

Sarcoplasm

A
  • cytoplasm of myocyte, contains myoglobin and calcium ions

- inside muscle cell membrane

78
Q

Brain stem

A

1) medulla oblongata
2) pons
3) midbrain

79
Q

Olfactory nerve

A
  • cranial nerve #1/12 (sensory)

- sense of smell

80
Q

Order of muscle cell

A

1) epimysium
2) perimysium
3) muscle bundles (fascicles)
4) endomysium
5) muscle fiber surrounded by Sarcolemma*
6) sarcomere
7) myofibril
8) myofilaments

81
Q

Occipital lobe

A
  • visual processing

- very important in birds

82
Q

Absolute refractory period

A
  • amount of time the action potential takes

- no stimulus, no matter how strong will illicit a response

83
Q

Threshold potential

A
  • usually -30 to - 50 mV
  • all or none once reached there WILL be an action potential
  • opens voltage gated Na channels, allows it to flow in
  • decreases membrane resistance, increases conductance
84
Q

Myosin

A
  • thick mylofilaments

- H zone is made up of ONLY this

85
Q

Sarcolemma

A
  • the membrane surrounding the muscle fibers

- muscle cell membrane

86
Q

Dwarfism

A
  • deficiency in growth hormone
87
Q

H zone

A
  • contains only myosin

- size changes

88
Q

Schwann cells

A
  • separated by nodes of ranvier or intermodal spaces
  • myelin sheath
  • produce myelin
  • in the PNS
89
Q

Ipsilateral

A
  • same side
90
Q

Slow fibers

A
  • can contract for long periods of time
  • fatigue resistant
  • abundant mitochondria
  • extensive capillary supply
  • high concentration of myoglobin
91
Q

Nodes of ranvier

A
  • intermodal spaces

- separate Schwann cells

92
Q

Sarcomere

A
  • functional unit of skeletal muscle

- length is not constant

93
Q

T-tubules

A
  • perpendicular to myofibrils

- indentations of the Sarcolemma

94
Q

Adrenocorticotropic hormone

A
  • stimulates adrenal cortex with cortisol

- glycoid protein hormone

95
Q

Insomnia

A
  • difficulty falling asleep
96
Q

Afferent nerves

A
  • go TO the CNS
97
Q

Optic nerve (chiasma)

A
  • cranial nerve #2 (sensory)

- connects eye nerves to brain, vision

98
Q

Temporal neurons

A
  • one stimulus after another
99
Q

Efferent nerves

A
  • AWAY from the CNS
100
Q

Ataxia

A
  • when we have problems with the cerebellum, or movement

- normally ipsilateral

101
Q

Trigeminal nerve

A
  • cranial nerve # 5

- has to do with all of your facial movement and chewing

102
Q

Creutzfeldt-Jason Disease

A
  • occurred in humans, cannibals

- type of prion disease

103
Q

Spatial neurons

A
  • stimulus converge on each other
104
Q

A band

A
  • contains both actin and myosin

- size does not change

105
Q

Anterograde amnesia

A
  • cannot form new memories

Ex: Diazepam(Valium) or halcion

106
Q

Left hemisphere of the brain

A
  • interpretive and speech area (reading, writing, speaking)
107
Q

Oxytocin

A
  • produced by hypothalamus
  • milk letdown, milk ejection

Females: uterine contractions
Males: ejaculation

108
Q

Association areas

A
  • put things together differently

- long term memories are stored in the appropriate sections of this

109
Q

Repolarized

A
  • when returned to resting potential

- Na+ out, K+ in

110
Q

Thyroid stimulating hormone

A
  • release of thyroid hormone

- glycoprotein hormone

111
Q

Retrograde amnesia

A
  • lose long term memory
112
Q

Prefrontal lobotomy

A
  • removes tensions, worry
  • frontal lobe
  • problem is that people would not worry about stopping walking before reaching a wall for ex
113
Q

Skeletal muscle

A
  • striated, multinucleated
  • voluntary
  • muscle attached to the Skeleton for voluntary movement
114
Q

Nuclei

A
  • collection of neurons with common functions
115
Q

Reticular formation

A
  • what wakes you up, makes you alert and conscious
  • activates the entire brain, wakes brain up
  • activates cerebral cortex Via thalamus
116
Q

Leptin

A
  • produced by fat cells
  • eating drive is off, metabolism increase
  • delays puberty bc super thin don’t have body reserves to support another life
117
Q

Limbic system

A
  • Amygdala + hippocampus
  • link between cognitive (reason) and emotions (fear)
  • long term memory is stored in association areas
118
Q

Dendrite

A
  • input through the cell
119
Q

Terminal cistarnae

A
  • bulbous ends of the Sarcoplasmic reticulum
120
Q

Nerve cell body

A
  • where the nucleus is

- soma

121
Q

Peripheral Nervous System

A
  • spinal nerves (to and from spinal chord)
  • cranial nerves (to and from the brain)
  • autonomic nervous system (sympathetic and parasympathetic)
122
Q

Medulla oblongata

A
  • involved in reflex/vegetative functions such as breathing, HR, vomiting, crying, swallowing, righting yourself
  • control of involuntary centers (nuclei)
  • without this you are vegetative, will need life support
123
Q

Declarative/Explicit long term memory

A
  • requires conscious attention for recall

- temporal lobe

124
Q

Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH)

A
  • conversion of androgen to estrogen
  • glycoprotein hormone
  • gonad stimulating (gonadotropin)
125
Q

Relative refractory period

A
  • during repolarization phase until reaches the threshold

- a larger than usual stimulus is required to start a new action potential

126
Q

Cerebrum

A
  • has sensory, motor and association areas(memory)

- has 4 lobes

127
Q

Andrenergic receptors

A
  • alpha and beta

- SNS

Anatomy and physiology of Domesticated Animals (6 decks)

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