Lab Exam 1 Flashcards
Cattle teeth
- bone
- dental pad on the maxilla replaces incisors/canines
Sheep teeth
- no top incisors has a dental pad
White tail deer teeth
- grinding and chewing teeth
- no top incisors
Horse teeth
- bone, constantly erupting teeth
Mule teeth
- massive bone structures, constantly erupting teeth (much bigger than horse)
- upper incisors for grabbing
Pig teeth
- bone and replica (omnivore)
- lots of molars (grinding teeth)
Human teeth
- replica
- hetero
Cottontail rabbit teeth
- constantly growing teeth
Muskrat and beaver teeth
- very similar
- molar looking, huge incisors
Opossum teeth
- unusually full jaw
- incisors-> very small
- molars-> tricuspid
- canines-> large
Raccoon teeth
- dentition
- 40 teeth adapted to omnivore diet
- k9s are well developed, crowns of molars are cuspidate
Coyote and dog teeth
- very similar
- coyote teeth are longer and slimmer than dog
Cat teeth
- no grinding surfaces because obligate carnivore
Ostrich teeth
- no teeth
- scleral ossicles (bones in the white of the eye)
- lightweight skull
- long (beak)/nose
Chicken Skeleton
- on the base holding the chicken
- bony tongue and hyoid bones
- the scleral ossiclesd
Homodonts
- all super pointy teeth
Ruminants
- mammals
9 banded armadillo teeth
- Homodont
- teeth of similar shape but can be different sizes
- small peglike molars
- open roots-> no enamel
Alligator teeth
- varies from 74 to 80 teeth
- maxillary and mandibular combined
Shark teeth
- Homodont
- all super pointy
Reptiles and fish teeth
- most are homodonts
- but some snakes have modified them into fangs
4 chambers of a ruminant
1) rumen
2) reticulum
3) omasum
4) abomasum
Pig digestive system
- monogastric
Esophagus
- tough inside
Stomach includes
- chyme (very watery)
- cardiac sphincter
- plyloric sphincter
- body of stomach/funds
- ruggae (folds)
Cardiac sphincter
- at entrance of the stomach, prevents food from going back into the esophagus
Plyloric sphincter
- exits into the duodenum
Body of stomach/funds
- mucus to prevent epithelium from breaking down
Raggae (folds)
- to increase surface area for enzymes to be released
Small intestine
1) duodenum
2) jejunum
3) ilium
Pancreas
- accessory gland adjacent to the duodenum
- produces basic pancreatic juice to neutralize the stomach acid
Liver
- accessory gland to digestive system
- lobulated
- can regenerate (multiple lobes if cut one off will grow back)
Gall bladder
- not in all species
- vascular with big blood vessels, not found in horses
- filled with bile
Bile
(green/yellow) added to small intestine
- acts as a detergent(fatty emulsifier)
- produces small fat droplets so it does not coat proteins
Cecum
- blind ended pouch where small and large intestine meet
- a lot of gas, hindgut fermenter breakdown plant material in this
Large intestine
- colon
- more microbes and breaks down products
- ascending, transverse, descending
- includes rectum
Rectum
- last part of the large intestine
- pulls h2o out to become feces
Spleen
- rich blood supply, cleanses blood and removes old RBC
- not part of the digestive tract is in the abdominal cavity
Omentum
- attached to the stomach, over the intestines
- lies over the abdominal cavity containing the intestines
- fat, very vascular
- smooth surface allows for intestines to slide around
Thoracic cavity
- pluck
- trachea (cartilage or C rings)
- lungs (lobulated) -> residual volume of air (floats) still born
- heart
- esophagus -> has a tough inside
The primary sugar in milk is a …
- disaccharide: lactose
Lactose
- a disaccharide containing two sugar molecules
- glucose* and galactose
Lactase
- an enzyme that breaks down lactose to its constituent sugars
Lactose intolerant
- do not produce digestive lactase and thus do not break down lactose
Compare the skim milk glucose with the lactaid and the one without
- the skim milk on its own had a lower glucose than the one with lactaid
- this is because the lactaid contains lactase which breaks down the lactose contained in the milk to its constituent sugars which are higher
Proteins in milk
1) casein (precipitated curd)
2) whey proteins (fluid)
Rennin
- ruminants produce this enzyme in the abomasum to coagulate the casein
What commercial rennin did we use?
- emporase derived from bacteria
Rennet
- rennin derived from a. Calfs abomasum
- has a mixture of proteases like chymosin
