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Lab exam 2 Flashcards

1
Q

What are feedback loops

A

They are made up of the steps used to achieve homeostasis

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2
Q

Homeostasis

A

the maintenance of a fairly constant internal environment, even through external stressors.

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3
Q

Set point

A

is the level of each of these variables that the body works to maintain

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4
Q

Antagonistic systems

A

When one stimulus/mechanism is bringing something down for example when another is bringing it up. The stronger one will affect the action

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5
Q

Stimulus

A

change in a physiological variable from its set point

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6
Q

sensor

A

a structure that detects that change or stimulus is called

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7
Q

integrating center

A

structure that can analyze the information about the variable, to compare the current state to the desired set point is called…

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8
Q

effector

A

the structure that can act to adjust the condition by bringing the variable back to its set point is called..

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9
Q

responce

A

outcome of the effectors action

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10
Q

afferent pathway

A

linking the sensor to the integrating center

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11
Q

efferent pathway

A

linking the integrating center to the effector

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12
Q

effectors action

A

what the effector does to get the response

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13
Q

what part of a feedback loop is a “signal”

A

the stimulus

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14
Q

what part of a feedback loop is “sensory receptors”

A

the sensors

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15
Q

what part of a feedback loop is “sensory neurons”

A

afferent pathway

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16
Q

What are the two major branches of the efferent neural pathways

A

The autonomic neurons and the somatic motor neurons

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17
Q

What is the typical color of effectors represented in our book images

A

blue

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18
Q

negative feedback loops

A

result in a reverse of the original stimulus

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19
Q

positive feedback loops

A

the response is in the same direction as the initial stimulus. The stimulus is being amplified

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20
Q

Is a decrease in carbon dioxide below normal levels a negative or positive feedback loop

A

negative

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21
Q

Is a increase in blood pressure above normal levels a negative or positive feedback loop

A

negative

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22
Q

Is a uterine contractions during birth a negative or positive feedback loop

A

positive

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23
Q

Is a accumulation of hydrogen ions in the body fluids a negative or positive feedback loop

A

negative

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24
Q

What is the sensor type for blood oxygen stimulus

A

Chemoreceptor

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25
Q

what is the sensor type for body fluid H+

A

chemoreceptor

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26
Q

what is the sensor type for light

A

photoreceptor

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27
Q

what is the sensor type for body temp

A

thermoreceptor

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28
Q

what is the sensor type for blood oxygen

A

chemoreceptor

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29
Q

what is the sensor type for pain

A

nociceptors

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30
Q

what is the sensor type for osmolarity of body fluids

A

osmoreceptor

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31
Q

what is the sensor type for blood pressure

A

baroreceptor

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32
Q

What is the corresponding sensor for carbon dioxide

A

chemoreceptor

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33
Q

What is the corresponding sensor for oxygen

A

chemoreceptor

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34
Q

What is the corresponding sensor for hydrogen ions

A

chemoreceptor

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35
Q

What is the corresponding sensor for glucose

A

chemoreceptor

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36
Q

What is the corresponding sensor for blood pressure/flow

A

baroreceptor

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37
Q

What is the corresponding sensor for body temp

A

thermoreceptor

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38
Q

What is the corresponding sensor for muscle stretch

A

proprioceptor

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39
Q

What is the corresponding sensor for muscle tension or contraction

A

proprioceptor

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40
Q

what is the corresponding sensor for head/body rotation

A

proprioceptor

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41
Q

Where in the body is the sensor located for muscle tension/contraction

A

The sensor is a proprioceptor that is located in the golgi tendon organ (muscle-tendon junction)

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42
Q

where in the body is the sensor located for muscle stretch

A

muscle spindle (skeletal muscle)

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43
Q

What is the corresponding sensor for osmolarity of body fluids

A

osmoreceptors

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44
Q

What is the special sense sensors for the stimulus: changes in light intensity

A

photoreceptors

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45
Q

What is the special sense sensors for the stimulus: different light wavelengths (colors)

A

photoreceptors

46
Q

what is the location of the sensor for changes in light intensity

A

retina of eye (rods)

47
Q

what is the location of the sensor for different light wavelengths (colors)

A

retina of eye (cones)

48
Q

What is the special sense sensors for the stimulus: head and body rotation

A

the hearing and equilibrium hair cells

49
Q

what is the location of the sensor for head and body rotation

A

vestibular hair cells

50
Q

What is the special sense sensors for the stimulus: noise and sound

A

hearing and equilibrium hair cells

51
Q

What is the special sense sensors for the stimulus: vibration

A

touch receptors

52
Q

What is the special sense sensors for the stimulus: flutter stroking

A

touch receptors

53
Q

What is the special sense sensors for the stimulus: skin stretching

A

touch receptors

54
Q

What is the special sense sensors for the stimulus: texture or pressure

A

touch receptors

55
Q

What is the integrating center location for appetite

A

hypothalamus

56
Q

What is the integrating center location for blood CO2

A

medulla oblongata and pons

57
Q

What is the integrating center location for blood pH

A

medulla oblongata and pons

58
Q

What is the integrating center location for blood pressure

A

medulla oblongata and hypothalamus

59
Q

What is the integrating center location for hearing

A

primary audio cortex

60
Q

What is the integrating center location for osmolarity

A

hypothalamus

61
Q

What is the integrating center location for smell

A

primary olfactory cortex

62
Q

What is the integrating center location for temperature

A

hypothalamus

63
Q

What is the integrating center location for thirst

A

hypothalamus

64
Q

What is the integrating center location for ventilation

A

medulla oblongata and pons

65
Q

What does the integrating center (hypothalamus) control

A
  1. thirst
  2. osmolarity
  3. temperature
  4. appetite
66
Q

what does the integrating center (medulla oblongata and pons) control

A
  1. Blood CO2
  2. Blood pH
67
Q

body temperature above the normal range is caller

A

hyperthermia

68
Q

body temperature below the normal range is called

A

hypothermia

69
Q

change in temperature is detected by this type of sensor

A

thermoreceptor

70
Q

heat transfer from direct contact with an object gaining heat from the water in a hot tub is this type

A

conductive heat gain

71
Q

the average body temperature in the human body is

A

37 C or 98.6 F

72
Q

the generation of heat is called

A

thermogenisuis

73
Q

the thermoregulatory regulatory center is located …

A

hypothalamus (appetite, temp, thirst, osmolarity) ATTO

74
Q

this type of heat loss is reduced on a humid day

75
Q

these signal molecules are cytokines that can increase the set point for temp and cause fever during infection

76
Q

the most dangerous condition related to hyperthermia is ___ which has a 50% mortality rate

A

heat stroke

77
Q

the effectors for evaporative hear loss are

A

sweat glands and cutaneous blood vessels

78
Q

the effector for generating heat in the body when temp is below normal

A

skeletal muscles (shivering)

79
Q

rapid muscle contraction relaxation cycles are responcible for this type of heat production

A

shivering thermogenesis

80
Q

___ blood vessels that are located just below the skin surface are involved in maintaining body temperature in the cold and in the heat

81
Q

What is the feedback loop for INCREASE in body temp

A

Stimulus: increase in body temp
Sensor: thermoreceptors in skin
Aff: sensory neurons
integrating center: hypothalamus
Eff: sympathetic cholinergic neurons
Effector: sweat glands
Effector A: produce sweat on body
Response: lower body temp

82
Q

What is the feedback loop for DECREASE in body temp

A

Stimulus: decrease in body temp
Sensor: central thermoreceptors
Aff: interneurons
integrating center: hypothalamus
Eff: somatic motor neurons
Effector: skeletal muscles
Effector A: shivering thermogenesis
Response: increase in body temp

83
Q

END OF LAB 4

A

END OF LAB 4

84
Q

What is sensory transduction

A

converting a physical stimulus from the outside world into patterns of electrical signals (action potentials) that your nervous system can interpret

85
Q

What are photoreceptors modality

A

they detect light photons

86
Q

what is mechanoreceptors modality

A

they detect physical force. They are used for hearing and body acceleration

87
Q

what is chemoreceptors modality

A

they detect specific chemicals

88
Q

What are the special senses

A

The ones that we are consciously aware of
1. vision
2. hearing
3. taste
4. olfaction
5. somatosensation (touch, temperature, proprioception pain)

89
Q

What are some unconscious senses

A

blood pressure, blood glucose, body fluid pH etc

90
Q

where is sensory information for all special senses (EXCEPT olfaction) is sent to ____. then it is sent to each specific integrating center

91
Q

Stimulus detected by chemoreceptor

A

CO2, H+, O2, molecules in the food or air, blood glucose

92
Q

stimulus detected by mechanoreceptors

A

pressure, stretch, or compression of cell, acceleration, sound

93
Q

stimulus detected by photoreceptors

A

light (photons) of varying wavelengths and levels

94
Q

stimulus detected by thermoreceptors

A

temperature

95
Q

adequate stimulus

A

each receptor type detects a specific stimulus called the adequate stimulus

96
Q

____ : a conscious understanding of the stimulus being detected, end result of the processing that takes place in the brain.

A

perception

97
Q

What is modality

A

modality is what is being detected by the receptor

98
Q

what are the four properties of a stimulus

A

modality, location. intensity, and duration

99
Q

Why is the location of the stimulus important

A

the location of the receptors that are activated direct signals to a specific region in the CNS

100
Q

intensity/strength of the stimulus

A

has to do with quantitative factors (how loud a sound is, how dim a light is, how rough a surface is). The stronger the stimulus the higher number of AP that will be sent.

Intensity is reflected in the number of receptors activated and the frequency of the receptor firing.

101
Q

Tonic receptors

A

are slow-adapting. meaning that they are activated as long as the signal is PRESENT.

102
Q

Phasic receptors

A

face-adapting receptors. they only generate potentials when there is a CHANGE in the stimulus. ex: sitting in a chair and forgetting the feeling of the chair but then realizing when you stand and change the stimulus

103
Q

Olfactory dendrites

A

Olfactory sensory neurons have dendrites that extend into the nasal cavity. They have G-protein coupled receptors there that have binding sites for the odor molecules.

104
Q

Olfaction summary

A

Stimulus: odorant molecules
Transduction: depolarization of receptor/primary sensory neuron. Then the release of neurotransmitter to a secondary neuron
Integrating center: olfactory cortex, limbic system.

105
Q

What makes a cell taste sour

A

hydrogen ions

106
Q

what makes a cell taste sweet

A

monosaccharides, certain amino acids

107
Q

what makes a cell taste bitter

108
Q

what makes a cell taste umami

A

glutamate, nucleotides

109
Q

what makes a cell taste salty

A

sodium ions, chloride modulates

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