Lab Exam 1 reflexes 2 Flashcards
the difference between a spinal and a brain reflex
the difference between a spinal and a brain reflex is spinal reflexes are those in which the sensory stimuli arise from receptors in muscles, joints and skin, and in which the neural circuitry responsible for the motor response is entirely contained within the spinal cord brain reflexess???
the difference between a somatic and an autonomic reflex
the difference between a somatic and an autonomic reflex
- autonomic reflexes - control and regulate smooth muscle cells, cardiac muscle cells and glands.
ingeneral these reflexes contain the same basic components as somatic reflexes but a key difference is that autonomic reflexes have the ability to both stimulate and or inhibit the smooth muscle/gland
- somatic reflexes are involved in the reflex control of skeletal muscles and as such there are many different types of somatic reflexes including scratching reflexes, withdrawal reflexes and stretch reflexes and tendon reflexes.
the difference between a stretch and a tendon reflex
- *the difference between a stretch and a tendon reflex**
- *stretch reflexes** are initiated by sensory receptors within a skeletal muscle and cause the muscle to contract to counter the stretch.
tendon reflexes cause the muscle to relax when the force becomes so great as to risk damaging the tendon
define conduction hearing loss (middle ear problem) and neurosensory hearing loss (inner ear and/or CN VIII problem)
define conduction hearing loss (middle ear problem) and neurosensory hearing loss (inner ear and/or CN VIII problem)
Conductive hearing loss occurs when sound is not conducted efficiently through the outer ear canal to the eardrum and the tiny bones (ossicles) of the middle ear. conductive hearing loss usually involves a reduction in sound level or the ability to hear faint sounds. this type of hearing loss can often be corrected medically or surgically.
sensorineural hearing loss (SNHL) occurs when there is damage to the inner ear (cochlea) or to the nerve pathways from the inner ear to the brain. Most of the time, SNHL connot be medically or surgically corrected. THis is the most common type of permanent hearing lost.
Weber’s and Rinne’s tests: how to perform them and what they mean
Weber’s Test-
Weber’s and Rinne’s tests: how to perform them and what they mean
Weber’s Test - detect unilateral (one-sided) conductive hearing loss (middle ear hearing loss)
and unilateral sensor neural hearing loss ( inner ear hearing loss) vibrating tuning fork used the weber vibration test; 512 Hz used for Rinne hearing test.
is placed in the middle of the forhead, above the upper lip under the nose over the contact with the bone. the patient is asked to report in which ear the sound is heard louder. a normal weber test has a patient reporting the sound heard equally in both sides.
Weber’s and Rinne’s tests: how to perform them and what they mean
Rinne’s tests -
Weber’s and Rinne’s tests: how to perform them and what they mean
Rinnes Test- primarily for evaluating loss of hearing in one ear (unilateral hearing loss)
it compares perception of sounds transmitted by air conduction to those transmited by bone conduction through the mastoid. placing a low frequency tuning fork against the patient’s mastoid bone and asking the patient to tell you when the sound is no longer heard once they signal they can’t hear it, quickly position the still vibrating tuning fork in front of their ear and ask if they can hear the sound then
Snellen chart vision test and how to interpret the result (i.e. 20/20, 20/40, 20/15, etc.)
Snellen chart vision test and how to interpret the result (i.e. 20/20, 20/40, 20/15, etc.)
A Snellen Chart is an eye chart that can be used to measure visual acuity
20/15 - what you can red/ others haveto come closer
20/40 - what you can read/ others cannot read from 2x far away
Astigmatism and what it means
Astigmatism and what it means
caused by an imperfect shape of the lens. cornea or eyeball, which causes light to not reflect evenly onto the cornea. it can distort vision or make it blurry. people often squint.
the blind point and what causes it
the blind point and what causes it
the blind spot is the area on the retina without receptors that respond to light. therefore an image that falls on this region will NOT be seen. put a small X near the edge of a card and the O at the other end. close one eye and hold the card with the X medially slowly bring the card closer until the O disappear.
two point discrimination, what it means and its relationship to POSTCENTRAL GYRUS
two point discrimination, what it means and its relationship to POSTCENTRAL GYRUS
Two-point discrimnation is the ability to discern that two nearby objects touching the skin are truly two distinct points, not one. often done with a sharp object. Post Central Gyrus is the main sensory receptor area for the sense of touch.
Sensory adaptation and its significance
Sensory adaptation and its significance
sensory adaptation is a phenomenon in which sensory neurons change their level of sensitivity to a constant stimulus over time. this adaptation allows people to adapt to their environments while balancing the need to receive new sensory input. neurons involved with smell, hearing, taste, touch , and sight can all exhibit this phenomenon.
