Exam 4 2016 ARE YOU READY!!!@!! Flashcards
It follows from Boyle’s law that
A) pCO2 is always higher in the tissues than in the lungs
B) at a constant pressure, the volume of a gas Is directly proportional to the temperature
C) changes in intrapulmonary pressure occur as a result of changes in lung volume.
D) in a mixture of gases each gas exerts its own partial pressure.
E) at a constant temperature, the volume of a gas is directly proportional to the pressure.
C) changes in intrapulmonary pressure occur as a result of changes in lung volume.
The action of atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) on glomerular mesangial cells causes
A) increased venous return
B) increased total peripheral resistance (TPR)
C) increased sodium reabsorption
D) decreased urine production
E) increased glomerular filtration rate
E) increased glomerular filtration rate
MHC antigens are
A) the antigens that determine the ABO blood types
B) viral antigens whose presence indicates presence of infectious disease.
C) proteins encoded by genes present in nucleated cells that must be matched for successful tissue Transplantation
D) the antigens that are attacked in hemolytic disease of the newborn
E) the molecules to which emigrating leukocytes attach before leaving the bloodstream
C) proteins encoded by genes present in nucleated cells that must be matched for successful tissue Transplantation
The last 15% of the filtrate is
A) reabsorbed in the PCT based on the body’s hydration status
B) subject to the action of ADH and aldosterone
C) variably resabsorbed in the loop of henle
D) always excreted entirely so the body can adequately eliminate waste products.
B) subject to the action of ADH and aldosterone
Control of GFR is accomplished by all of the following EXCEPT
A) sympathetic stimulation
B) regulation by ADH
C) tubuloglomerular feedback
D) myogenic vasoconstriction
E) regulation by ANP
B) regulation by ADH
Which of the following factors contributes to the compliance of the lungs?
A) intrapleural pressure
B) mucus production in the airways
C) alveolar surface tension
D) increased temperature of inspired air.
A) intrapleural pressure
Major histocompatibility (MHC) antigens are unique for each person and can be found on all of the following cells in the body EXCEPT:
A) hepatocytes
B) adipocytes
C) leukocytes
D) erythrocytes
E) cardiac muscle cells
D) erythrocytes
which of the following accessory muscles is used during forced expiration?
A) abdominals
B) external intercostals
C) sternocleidomastoid
D) pectoralis major
A) abdominals
2,3 Bisphosphoglycerate (Diphosphoglycerate) is substance that
A) is produced during glycolysis in erythrocytes
B) cannot bind the gamma polypeptide of fetal hemoglobin.
C) increases the dissociation of oxygen from hemoglobin
D) shifts the oxyhemoglobin dissociation curve to the right.
E) all of the above statements are true.
E) all of the above statements are true.
The TB skin test (Mantoux test) is an example of
A) B cell response by which IgE antibodies are made instead of IgM or IgG
B) immediate hypersensitivity
C) T cell-mediated response which causes local inflammation
D) release of inflammatory cytokines by mast cells.
C) T cell-mediated response which causes local inflammation
The respiratory membrane through which gases diffuse includes ALL of the following EXCEPT
A) type I and II alveolar cells. C) capillary endothelium
B) a layer of smooth muscle D) basement membrane
B) a layer of smooth muscle
Injection of an attenuated virus
A) may stimulate the production of plasma and memory cells
B) will give immunity to the person immediately after injection
C) may provide a short duration of immunity (days to weeks)
D) is used before or after exposure to pathogen
A) may stimulate the production of plasma and memory cells
Which of the following is NOT a component of the nephron?
A) the collecting duct
B) peritubular capillaries
C) the minor calyx
D) glomerular basement membrane
E) podocytes
C) the minor calyx
About 70% of CO2 produced by the tissues is transported in blood by
A) the heme portion of hemoglobin
B) the globin portion of hemoglobin
C) simply dissolving in plasma
D) conversion to bicarbonate ion
E) any plasma protein
D) conversion to bicarbonate ion
patients with asthma and COPD often have _______ FEV1-
A) higher than normal
B) lower than normal
C) normal
B) lower than normal
the metabolic byproducts of which compound are responsible for the characteristic colors of stool and urine?
A) polypeptide alpha
B) porphyrin
C) Urea
D) Iron
E) Creatinine
B) porphyrin
when the diaphragm relaxes,
A) the size of the chest cavity increases
B) the lungs expand to fill the extra space in the chest cavity
C) air from outside rushes into the lungs
D) intrathoracic pressure decreases
E) none of the above is correct
E) none of the above is correct
the effect of renal autoregulation on glomerular filtration rate is
A) to increase it
B) to decrease it.
C) to keep it constant
D) highly dependent on autonomic activity
C) to keep it constant
human immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) that cause AIDS mainly infects:
A) cytotoxic cells
B) CD4+ cells
C) B Cells
D) cells that express MHC class I antigens
E) cells that express MHC class II antigens
B) CD4+ cells
which of the following is associated with the ability of the kidney to concentrate urine?
A) vasa recta
B) juxtamedullary nephrons
C) hyperosmolar interstitial fluid of the medulla
D) all of the above
C) hyperosmolar interstitial fluid of the medulla
changes in the flow rate of the filtrate in the distal convoluted tubule is sensed by
A) the granular cells
B) the macula densa
C) mesangial cells
D) glomerular endothelial cells
B) the macula densa
thalassemias are caused by the inability to synthesize normal
A) bilirubin
B) beta polypeptide chain
C) porphyrin ring
D) heme
B) beta polypeptide chain
Obligatory water loss
A) is between 100-200 ml/day
B) is 115-125 ml/min
C) is about 400 ml/day
D) depends on one’s hydration status
C) is about 400 ml/day
active immunity may be produced by
A) contracting a disease
B) receiving a vaccine
C) receiving gamma globulin injections
D) both A and B
E) both B and C
D) both A and B
the best way to assess kidney function is measurement of
A) urine creatinine level.
B) urine urea level
C) plasma creatinine level.
D) urine protein level
E) urine pH
C) plasma creatinine level.
what would you find between glomerular capillary endothelium and the foot processes of the Podocytes?
A) the slit diaphragms
C) glomerular basement membrane
B) peritubular capillaries
D) fenestrations
C) glomerular basement membrane
which of the following refers to the amount of air that can be maximally inspired after a normal tidal Inspiration?
A) expiratory reserve volume
B) inspiratory reserve volume
C) inspiratory capacity
D) vital capacity
B) inspiratory reserve volume
which of the following is NOT a function of the kidney?
A) regulation of the blood volume
B) regulation of blood pH
C) regulation of blood electrolyte levels
D) regulation of blood osmolality
E) regulation of blood glucose level
E) regulation of blood glucose level
inhalation occurs because of ALL of the following EXCEPT
A) the spinal lower motor neurons stimulate the contraction of the diaphragm
B) intrapulmonary pressure becomes subatmospheric.
C) intrapulmonary volume increases
D) the inspiratory neurons of the rhythmicity center are stimulated by the pneumotaxic center in the Pons.
D) the inspiratory neurons of the rhythmicity center are stimulated by the pneumotaxic center in the Pons.
glycosuria occurs when
A) blood glucose exceeds approximately 200 mg/dL
B) the renal plasma threshold for glucose is exceeded.
C) Na+/Glucose contransporters on the basolateral side of the tubular cells are saturated.
D) A and B
E) A, B and C
D) A and B
normal arterial pO2 and pCO2 are approximately ____ and ___ mm Hg, respectively.
A) 105; 45
B) 100; 40
C) 45; 40
D) 100; 20
B) 100; 40
the chloride shift ensures
A) intracellular concentration of chloride remains nearly constant
B) extracellular concentration of chloride remains nearly constant
C) electrical neutrality within the RBC.
D) an entry of one chloride ion for every Na+ that exits
E) none of the above.
C) electrical neutrality within the RBC.
saturation of transporters is the most likely cause of
A) proteinuria
B) hematuria
C) bilirubinuria
D) glycosuria
D) glycosuria
filtered amino acids are reabsorbed
A) by secondary active transport in the proximal convoluted tubules.
B) by primary active transport in the distal convoluted tubules
C) by facilitated diffusion in the loop of henle.
D) passively in the collecting ducts
A) by secondary active transport in the proximal convoluted tubules.
glomerular filtrate contains
A) everything in blood
B) everything in blood except cells the proteins
C) water and electrolytes only
D) water and waste only
B) everything in blood except cells the proteins
the antigen-dependent generation of antibody diversity occurs in the
A) germinal centers of lymph nodes
B) thymus
C) bone marrow
D) liver
A) germinal centers of lymph nodes
As substances are reabsorbed in the proximal convoluted tubules of the kidneys, they move from
A) filtered fluid to epithelial cells, to interstitial fluid to peritubular capillaries
B) filtered fluid to interstitial fluid, to epithelial cells, to peritubular capillaries
C) peritubular capillaries to interstitial fluid, to epithelial cells, to filtered fluid.
D) vasa recta to epithelial cells, to interstitial fluid, to filtered fluid.
E) peritubular capillaries to epithelial cells, to interstitial fluid, to filtered fluid.
A) filtered fluid to epithelial cells, to interstitial fluid to peritubular capillaries
glomerular filtration rate (GFR)
A) is about 180 liters/day.
B) is about 15 to 25 ml/min
C) is the same among all men women
D) fluctuates with blood pressure changes
E) is mostly controlled by the parasympathetic nervous system
A) is about 180 liters/day.
podocytes are found
A) in the walls of the peritubular capillaries.
B) in the thick ascending limb of the loop of henle.
C) in the walls of the afferent arterioles
D) within the glomerular capsule.
D) within the glomerular capsule.
the relative flatness of the oxyhemoglobin dissociation curve above pO2 of approximately 70mm Hg means that
A) people who live at sea level have much higher oxygen saturation rates than people who live in high altitudes.
B) people who live at high altitude can unload their oxygen from hemoglobin much easier than people who live at sea level.
C) people can easily live in altitudes as high as 10k – 12K feet above sea level without significantly reduced arterial oxygen saturation
D) the oxyhemoglobin curve shifts up and to the left in high altitudes.
C) people can easily live in altitudes as high as 10k – 12K feet above sea level without significantly reduced arterial oxygen saturation
normal blood osmolality is about ___mOsm/liter. In contrast, normal Urine osmolality.
A) 60; is always higher.
B) 300; is much lower only when excessive ADH is present.
C) 300; is much lower, unless excessive ADH is present
D) 100; is not a useful parameter (measurement)
E) 1200; is always constant
C) 300; is much lower, unless excessive ADH is present
- antibodies that attach to the surface of Mast cells are of the ________ type.
A) IgA B)IgE C)IgG D)IgM E)IgD
B)IgE
Cytotoxic T cells recognize antigens combined with
A) interleukin-1
B) interleukin-2
C) MHC-1 antigens
D) MHC-II antigens
E) complement proteins
C) MHC-1 antigens
Consider CO2 + H2O ←→ H+ + HCO3- In diabetic ketoacidosis, the favored direction of this reaction is _______, which would result in ________.
A) to the right hypoventilation
B) to the left; hypoventilation
C) to the right; hyperventilation
D) to the left; hyperventilation
D) to the left; hyperventilation
in the myogenic mechanism of renal autoregulation
A) renin causes contraction of macula densa cells to increase GFR
B) smooth muscle cells in afferent arterioles trigger vasoconstriction to keep GFR constant
C) norepinephrine causes vasoconstriction of afferent arterioles to decrease GFR.
D) atrial natriuretic peptide causes relaxation of mesangial cells to increase GFR
E) angiotensin II causes constriction of the proximal and distal convoluted tubules
B) smooth muscle cells in afferent arterioles trigger vasoconstriction to keep GFR constant
which of the following statements about complement proteins C3a and C5a is FALSE?
A) they are released during the complement fixation process
B) they stimulate chemotaxis of phagocytic cells
C) they promote the activity of phagocytic cells
D) they produce pores in the victim cell membrane
D) they produce pores in the victim cell membrane
which of the following would be TRUE if the oxygen-hemoglobin dissociation curve is shifted to the right?
A) partial pressure of carbon dioxide is decreased
B) pH is increased
C) temperature is decreased
D) levels of 2,3-BPG are decreased
E) hemoglobin affinity for O2 has decreased
E) hemoglobin affinity for O2 has decreased
which of these offers a nonspecific defense against viral infection?
A) antibodies
B) leukotrienes
C) interferon
D) histamine
E) cell-mediated immunity
C) interferon
if the blood lacked red blood cells but the lungs were functioning normally,
A) the arterial pO2 would be normal
B) the oxygen content of arterial blood would be normal
C) both A and B would apply
D) neither A nor B would apply.
A) the arterial pO2 would be normal
reabsorption of 2/3 of filtered water and salt occurs in
A) the descending loop of henle
B) the ascending loop of henle
C) the proximal convoluted tubule
D) the distal convoluted tubule
E) the collecting duct
C) the proximal convoluted tubule
antibody diversity is partly due to
A) somatic hypermutation in the bone marrow.
B) production of antibodies by the liver, as well as the plasma cells
C) maturation of naïve plasma cells in the thymus
D) hypermutation in stimulated B cells in the germinal centers of lymph nodes
A) somatic hypermutation in the bone marrow.
the BOHR effect describes
A) the affinity of fetal hemoglobin for O2
B) the effect of pH on the affinity of hemoglobin for O2
C) the affinity of fetal hemoglobin for O2 in the presence of 2,3 BPG
D) the effect of pCO2 on the affinity of fetal hemoglobin for O2
B) the effect of pH on the affinity of hemoglobin for O2
antigen binding sites of antibody molecules consist of
1) the constant region of the heavy chain
2) the variable region of the heavy chain
3) the constant region of the light chain
4) the variable region of the light chain
A) 3 and 4 B) 1 and 2 C) 1 and 3 D) 2 and 4
D) 2 and 4
the function of interferons is
A) to destroy foreign antigens
B) antibacterial
C) antiviral
D) to bind antigens
C) antiviral
the effects of histamine and other inflammatory compounds reduced by Mast cells may produce
A) reduced blood pressure
B) bronchoconstriction
C) dyspnea
D) localized edema
E) all of the above
E) all of the above
in cell-mediated immunity, the antigenic cell/molecule is destroyed by
A) killer T cells
B) mast cells
C) antibodies
D) complement
E) plasma cells
A) killer T cells
which of the following statements regarding passive immunity is CORRECT:
A) it involves the injection of a live vaccine
B) maternal IgE immunoglobulins in mother’s colostrum and milk during nursing provides passive immunity to the baby.
C) the recipient would make memory cells for that specific antigen
D) it provides immunity to the recipient for life
E) none of the above statements is correct regarding passive immunity
E) none of the above statements is correct regarding passive immunity
antibodies that are released into body secretions are
A) IgA B) IgE C) IgG D) IgM E) IgD
A) IgA
the tidal volume is the
A) volume of air the lungs can hold when maximally inflated
B) volume of air moved in and out of the lungs in a single quiet breath
C) percentage of alveolar air that is water vapor
D sun of the inspiratory and expiratory reserve volumes
E) volume of air left in the lungs after a forced expiration
B) volume of air moved in and out of the lungs in a single quiet breath
a cell that presents MHC class I and foreign antigens together must be
A) an antigen presenting cell
B) a cytotoxic T cell
C) a B cell
D) an infected host cell
E) a helper T cell
D) an infected host cell
which of the following is an antigen-presenting cell?
A) cytotoxic T cell D) Mast cell
B) NK cell E) helper T cell
C) dendritic cell
E) helper T cell
several hundred genes code for
A) MHC antigens
B) ABO blood groups
C) immunoglobulin polypeptide chains
D) HLA antigens
C) immunoglobulin polypeptide chains
At 10,000 feet above sea level, arterial pO2
A) is too low to be compatible with life
B) is lower than venous pCO2 at rest
C) is the same as alveolar pO2 at sea level
D) is sufficient to saturate about 95% of the hemoglobin molecules with O2
E) none of the above is correct
D) is sufficient to saturate about 95% of the hemoglobin molecules with O2
complement protein C1 is activated by
A) immune complexes
B) activated complement protein C2
C) the membrane attack complex
D) bacterial wall lipopolysaccharides
E) lymphokines
A) immune complexes
you can hold your breath _______ after hyperventilation because ________.
A) for a shorter period – your pO2 level has gone up
B) for a longer period – your pCO2 level has gone down
C) for a shorter period – your hemoglobin saturation is less
D) for a longer period – you have respiratory acidosis
B) for a longer period – your pCO2 level has gone down
A patient who has just encountered a pathogen for the first time will initially make immunoglobulins
Of which subtype?
A) IgG B) IgA C) IgE D) IgM E) IgD
D) IgM
natural killer cells are important componenets of adaptive (acquired) immune system.
A) true
B) false
B) false
restrictive lung disease is associated with
A) normal lung tissue
B) normal forced vital capacity
C) normal forced expiration
D) bronchoconstriction
C) normal forced expiration
Asthma may be associated with
1) inflammation
2) alveolar destruction
3) excerise
4) atopy
5) normal forced vital capacity
6) normal forced expiration
A) 1,2,4,6
B) 1,3,4,5
C) 2,3,4
D) 1,5,6
E) 1,2,3
B) 1,3,4,5
which of these offers a nonspecific defense against viral infection?
A) antibodies
B) leukotrienes
C) interferon
D) histamine
E) cell-mediated immunity
C) interferon
immediate hypersensitivity reaction is associated with
A) IgE antibodies
B) Mast cells
C) allergens
D) atopic dermatitis
E) all of the above
E) all of the above
. Macrophages present fragments of foreign antigens together with
A) CD8 coreceptor C) MHC class I antigens
B) CD4 coreceptor D) MHC class II antigens
B) CD4 coreceptor
in tissues, which of the following events occur?
1) CO2 enters the RBCs
2) HCO3- enters the RBCs
3) Cl- enters the RBCs
4) CO2 leaves the RBCs
5) HCO3- leaves the RBCs
6) Cl- leaves the RBCs
A) 4, 2 and 6
B) 1, 5 and 3
C) 1, 2 and 6
D) 4, 5 and 3
B) 1, 5 and 3
opportunistic infections are very common in AIDS patients because
A) the HIV-infected B cells cannot make antibodies
B) the HIV-infected antigen-presenting cells cannot present their antigens to the T cells
C) the number of CD8+ T cells drop to very low numbers
D) the immune system is busy fighting “self” antigens
E) B cells need the help of CD4+ T cells to make antibodies
E) B cells need the help of CD4+ T cells to make antibodies
