Exam 3 part 2 BonusQuestions and mixture of thyroid,bloodcirculation,tyrosine,camp, zona, hormones

Question 1

BonusQuestions: Digitalis or digoxin works by

a) stimulating the Na+/K+ ATPase
b) lowering the intracellular concentration of Na+
c) lowering the intracelluar concentration of Ca2-
d) stimulating the contractility of the heart
e) increasing the conduction rate thru the AV node

Answer 1

d)stimulating the contractility of the heart

Question 2

BonusQuestions: Orthostatic hypotension

a) can result from dehydration
b) may be caused by beta blockers
c) can be due to postprandial hypotension
d) occurs when the baroreceptor reflex is note adequate
e) all of the above

Answer 2

e)all of the above

Question 3

BonusQuestions: Aplastic Anemia is due to destruction of the bone marrow. which of the following would you expect to see in a patients with this condition?

a) leukopenia
b) thrombocytopenia
c) anemia
d) A and C
e) A, B and C

Answer 3

e)A, B and C

Question 4

BonusQuestions: Thalassemia

a) is a type of anemia due to deficiency of iron
b) is an acquired disease in which viral infection of the bone marrow stops hematopoiesis
c) is a genetic disease in which there is a deficiency of one of the hemoglobin polypeptides
d) is abnormally high RBC count due to an increase in the rate of erythropoiesis
e) is a genetic disease in which the body is not able to make the porphyrin ring of the hemoglobin molecule

Answer 4

c)is a genetic disease in which there is a deficiency of one of the hemoglobin polypeptides

Question 5

BonusQuestions: __________ may lead to pulmonary hypertension

a) mitral stenosis
b) pulmonary valve stenosis
c) tricuspid stenosis
d) aortic regurgitation

Answer 5

b)pulmonary valve stenosis

Question 6

BonusQuestions: In sepsis, large amounts of endotoxin released by bacteria causes

a) macrophages to produce nitric oxide and inflammatory cytokines
b) systemic vasoconstriction
c) decreased capillary permeability
d) hypertension
e) all of the above

Answer 6

a)macrophages to produce nitric oxide and inflammatory cytokines

Question 7

BonusQuestions: In idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura, patients suffer from

a) inappropriate clotting
b) extreme susceptibility to infections
c) very viscous blood
d) a lower than normal oxygen-carrying capacity
e) a high susceptilbility to bleeding

Answer 7

a)inappropriate clotting

Question 8

Bonus Questions: Since calcium is an important factor in proper functioning of nerve and muscle tissue, the effects of hypercalcemia are

a) hyperexcitability and tetany, because there is too much calcium around.
b) hyperexcitability and tetany, because the intracellular and extracellular levels of calcium would be nearly equal
c) diminished function, because Higher calcium levels change the permeability of the neurons for sodium, thereby making them less excitable
d) diminished function, because of lower levels of calcium in the intracellular storage
e) none of the above

Answer 8

c)diminished function, because Higher calcium levels change the permeability of the neurons for sodium, thereby making them less excitable

Read Correct answer: “Higher calcium levels”
on his exam he mistaken put “lower calcium levels”

I am not sure if he corrected it yet, but he announced in class to cross out lower and replace with higher.

Question 9

BonusQuestions: Tamoxifen, a drug used to treat some breast cancers, is an antagonist that bind to

a) prolactin receptors
b) oxytocin receptors
c) estrogen receptors
d) progestrone receptors
e) FSH receptors

Answer 9

c)estrogen receptors

Question 10

BonusQuestions: President John F. Kennedy suffered from addison’s disease. which of the following statements is TRUE about this disease?

a) It is caused by hypersecretion of cortisol and aldosterone
b) Very high levels of ACTH can stimulate melanocytes causing various characteristic unnatural discolorations of the skin
c) It is caused by hypersecretion of ACTH
d) untreated patients of ten survive well into their old age
e) hyperglycemia and hypertension are among the hallmarks of this disease

Answer 10

b)Very high levels of ACTH can stimulate melanocytes causing various characteristic unnatural discolorations of the skin

Question 11

BonusQuestions: “broken bones, kidney stones, abdominal groans and psychic moans” refer to the effects of

a) excess levels of parathyroid hormone
b) deficiency of parathyroid hormone
c) deficiency of vitamin D
d) deficiency of growth hormone
e) excess levels of growth hormone

Answer 11

a)excess levels of parathyroid hormone

Question 12

BonusQuestions: In Graves Disease, autoantibodies mimic

a) TSH receptors
b) TRH
c) TRH receptors
d) TSH
e) Triiodothyronine

Answer 12

d)TSH

Question 13

Promotion of the formation of calcitriol (vitamin D3) is a major effect of

a) calcitonin
b) TSH
c) cortisol
d) parathyroid hormone
e) aldosterone

Answer 13

d)parathyroid hormone

Question 14

when a lipid-soluable hormone binds to its target cell receptor, it

a) activates a promotor region
b) causes the formation of cyclic AMP
c) is converted into cholesterol, which acts as a second messenger
d) alters the membrane’s permeability to G proteins
e) causes the formation of releasing hormones

Answer 14

a)activates a promotor region

Question 15

the body may try to correct hyperkalemia by secreting more

a) insulin
b) cortisol
c) renin
d) ADH
e) aldosterone

Answer 15

e)aldosterone

Question 16

GnRH directly stimulates the release of

a) testosterone
b) DHEA
c) estrogen
d) FSH
e) all of these are correct

Answer 16

d)FSH

Question 17

the effect of leutinizing hormone in males is

a) release of cortisol
b) release of GnRH
c) stimulation of testicular follicles
d) release of testosterone
e) spermatogenesis

Answer 17

d)release of testosterone

Question 18

which of the following hormones works only by activating a G protein?

a) glucocorticoids
b) PTH
c) mineralocorticoids
d) DHEA
e) testosterone

Answer 18

b)PTH

Question 19

by taking birth control pills (hormonal oral contraceptives) which of the following do you expect to take place?

a) decrease in FSH & LH levels
b) decrease in ADH level
c) increase in FSH & LH levels
d) increase in ACTH level
e) decrease in ACTH level

Answer 19

a)decrease in FSH & LH levels

Question 20

the primary stimulus for release of cortisol and other corticosteroid hormones is

a) prolactin
b) adrenocorticotrophic hormone
c) growth hormone
d) increase levels of cholesterol in blood
e) decreased levels of glucose in blood

Answer 20

b)adrenocorticotrophic hormone

Question 21

In the onset of their disease, most patients with type II diabetes

a) may have downregulation of tyrosine kinase receptors
b) will have higher sensitivity to insulin
c) are skinny and underweight
d) will lack endogenous insulin
e) will be absolutely dependent on insulin shots

Answer 21

a)may have downregulation of tyrosine kinase receptors

Question 22

glucocorticoids have all the following effects EXCEPT:

a) anti-inflamatory
b) lipolysis
c) depression of immune system
d) decreased production of ATP
e) gluconeogenesis

Answer 22

d)decreased production of ATP

Question 23

angiotensin converting enzyme

a) is mainly secreted by the kidneys
b) inhibitors reduce blood pressure
c) is activated by an increase in angiotensin II levels
d) is directly stimulated by renin
e) is stimulated by hypertension

Answer 23

b)inhibitors reduce blood pressure

Question 24

Effects of insulin includes all EXCEPT

a) increased glycogenesis
b) increased gluconeogenesis
c) increased facilitated diffusion of glucose into the cells
d) increased protein synthesis
e) increased fat synthesis

Answer 24

b)increased gluconeogenesis

Question 25

which of the following statements regarding the RAA (renin-angiotensin-aldosterone) pathway is CORRECT?

a) some cases of essential hypertension may be due to an underactive RAA pathway
b) renin is secreted y the juxtaglomerular cells in the kidney when they sense low blood pressure
c) renin is produced by the kidneys & catalyzes the conversion of angiotensin I to angiotensin II
d) all answers are correct
e) angiotensin II is a powerful vasodilator, therefore is results in lowering of blood pressure

Answer 25

b)renin is secreted y the juxtaglomerular cells in the kidney when they sense low blood pressure

Question 26

In a person with Myxedema due to a primary thyroid disorder, what do you expect the levels of TSH be?

a) low
b) normal
c) one cannot say with certainly
d) high

Answer 26

d) high

Question 27

C-peptide is the by-product of post-translational modification of which hormone?

a) TSH
b) growth hormone
c) ADH
d) Insulin
e) ACTH

Answer 27

d)Insulin

Question 28

A hormone that controls the size of a gland and the level of its secretions is a

a) trophic hormone
b) synergistic hormone
c) axis control hormone
d) permissive hormone

Answer 28

a)trophic hormone

Question 29

calcitonin is synthesized by _____ and its primary effect is ______.

a) parathyroid; to increase blood calcium
b) thyroid; to decrease blood calcium
c) thyroid; to increase blood calcium
d) parathyroid; to decrease blood calcium
e) none of the above is correct

Answer 29

b)thyroid; to decrease blood calcium

Question 30

a primary effect of mineralocorticoids is to promote

a) reabsorption of potassium ions by the kidney
b) decreased blood glucose
c) increased secretion of ACTH
d) reabsorption of sodium ions by the kidney
e) increased urine production

Answer 30

d)reabsorption of sodium ions by the kidney

Question 31

addison’s disease is due to

a) hyposecretion of cortisol
b) hyposecretion of testosterone
c) hypersecretion of GH
d) hyposecretion of glucagon
e) hypersecretion of insulin

Answer 31

a)hyposecretion of cortisol

Question 32

increased secretion of CRH directly increases the secretion of ______ by the ________.

a) TSH; hypothalamus
b) TSH; pituitary gland
c) ACTH; pituitary gland
d) ACTH; hypothalamus

Answer 32

c)ACTH; pituitary gland

Question 33

Insulin is associated with

a) thyrosin kinase
b) heterodimerization of its receptor
c) a hormone response element
d) a G-protein
e) a nuclear receptor

Answer 33

a)thyrosin kinase

Question 34

which of the following statements regarding parathyroid hormone is TRUE?

a) PTH decreases renal reabsorption of calcium
b) PTH has a nuclear receptor
c) PTH is essential for life
d) PTH is a steroid hormone
e) PTH and calcitriol are antagonistic hormones

Answer 34

c)PTH is essential for life

Question 35

which of these hormones stimulates uterine muscle contraction during labor?

a) oxytocin
b) epinephrine
c) prolactin
d) cortisol
e) thyroxine

Answer 35

a)oxytocin

Question 36

which of the following is associated with response of a cell to epinephrine?

a) cAMP
b) intracellular calcium release
c) G protein
d) inositol triphosphate
e) all of the above

Answer 36

e)all of the above

Question 37

which of the following second messengers results in an increase in the intracellular calcium levels?

a) tyrosine kinase
b) inositol triphosphate
c) cAMP
d) adenylate cyclase

Answer 37

b)inositol triphosphate

Question 38

the inner zone or zona reticularis of the adrenal cortex produces

a) DHEA
b) catecholamines
c) glucocorticoids
d) ACTH
e) aldosterone

Answer 38

a)DHEA

Question 39

which statement regarding congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH) is correct?

a) It is due to absence of one or more adrenal enzymes necessary for the production of cortisol
b) In adult females it results in masculinization, which may include excessive body hair, deep voice and enlargement of the clitoris
c) cortisol replacement therapy will stop the negative feedback loop to the anterior pituitary, thus lowering the production of ACTH and minimizing the symptoms
d) Virilism in adult males is obscured by normal testosterone effects
e) all above statement are true

Answer 39

e)all above statement are true

Question 40

NSAIDs (non-sterioidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs)

a) inhibit the action of COX-1 and COX-2
b) prolong bleeding time
c) inhibit platelet aggregation
d) inhibit the formation of many prostaglandins in many different tissues
e) all of the above are true

Answer 40

e)all of the above are true

Question 41

the stimulus for release of parathyroid hormone is

a) PRH
b) low levels of calcium ions in the blood
c) TSH
d) nerve impulses from the hypothalamus
e) calcitonin

Answer 41

b)low levels of calcium ions in the blood

Question 42

activation of vitamin D in the body is stimulated by

a)cortisol
b)aldosterone
c)PTH
D)ADH
e)calcitonin

Answer 42

c)PTH

Question 43

exophthalmos is a pathognomonic sign of

a) addison’s disease (hypocortisolism)
b) cushing’s disease (hypercortisolism)
c) hyperthyroidism
d) hypothyroidism
e) hypoparathyroidism

Answer 43

c)hyperthyroidism

Question 44

increased secretion of CRH would be stimulated by

a) low levels of ADH
b) high levels of thyroid hormone
c) high levels of GH
d) low levels of cortisol
e) high levels of aldosterone

Answer 44

d)low levels of cortisol

Question 45

which of the following is an expected effect of oral contraceptives?

a) increase in ACTH level
b) decrease in ACTH level
c) decrease in ADH level
d) increase in FSH & LH levels
e) decrease in FSH & LH levels

Answer 45

e)decrease in FSH & LH levels

Question 46

tyrosine kinase is the receptor for

a) epinephrine
b) cortisol
c) estrogen
d) insulin
e) parathyroid hormone

Answer 46

d)insulin

Question 47

which of the following hormones is associated with a hormone response element?

a) growth hormone
b) aldosterone
c) antidiuretic hormone
d) leutinizing hormone
e) epinephrine

Answer 47

b)aldosterone

Question 48

an increase in blood glucose and an anti-inflammatory effect are important effects of

a) epinephrine
b) glucagon
c) cortisol
d) insulin
e) ADH

Answer 48

c)cortisol

Question 49

which of the following hormones works by activating a G protein?

a) cortisol
b) testosterone
c) estrogen
d) aldosterone
e) follicle stimulating hormone

Answer 49

e)follicle stimulating hormone

Question 50

in a person with Myxedema due to a primary thyroid disorder, what do you expect the levels of TSH to be?

a) normal
b) high
c) low
d) one cannot say with certainly

Answer 50

b)high

Question 51

Estradiol 17-beta is produced by

a) interstitial cells of the testes
b) anterior pituitary
c) posterior pituitary
d) granulosa cells of the ovaries
e) adrenal cortex

Answer 51

d)granulosa cells of the ovaries

Question 52

heterodimerization of a hormone response element (HRE) with retinoic acid is associated with

a) hydrocortisone
b) thyroxine
c) estrogen
d) a trophic hormone
e) a releasing hormone

Answer 52

b)thyroxine

Question 53

the effect of leutinizing hormone in males is

a) spermatogenesis
b) release of cortisol
c) release of testosterone
d) release of GnRH

Answer 53

c)release of testosterone

Question 54

an increase in glycogenolysis by the liver is an important effect of

a) glucagon
b) insulin
c) PTH
d) aldosterone
e) both A and B are correct

Answer 54

a)glucagon

Question 55

non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs ________ the synthesis of ________ by acting on cycloxygenase enzyme
1)stimulate 2)inhibit 3)leukotrienes 4)prostaglandins

a) 1;3
b) 1;4
c) 2;3
d) 2;4

Answer 55

d)2;4

Question 56

which of the following may stimulate the secretion of renin by the kidneys?

a) high aldosterone levels
b) high blood pressure
c) high plasma sodium
d) increased angiotensin II levels
e) hemorrhage

Answer 56

e)hemorrhage

Question 57

growth and vascularization of the endometrial layer of the uterus in preparation for possible implantation of an embryo requires

a) progesterone
b) estrogen
c) thyroxine
d) all of the above

Answer 57

d)all of the above

Question 58

A primary effect of mineralocorticoids is to promote

a) increased urine production
b) retention of potassium ions by the kidney
c) retention of sodium ions by the kidney
d) decreased blood glucose
e) increased secretion of ACTH

Answer 58

c)retention of sodium ions by the kidney

Question 59

increased post-synaptic Ca+2 concentration

a) occurs after acetylocholine is released
b) occurs when kinases are activated by calmodulin
c) stimulates genetic transcription and production of new proteins
d) is due to activation of AMPA receptors
e) inhibits release of nitric oxide

Answer 59

c)stimulates genetic transcription and production of new proteins

Question 60

testosterone, progesterone and hydrocortisone are all derived from

a) cholesterol
b) amino acid tyrosine
c) amino acid typtophan
d) epinephrine

Answer 60

a)cholesterol