Lab Exam 1 Osmosis/ActionPotential

Question 1

Osmosis

Answer 1

Osmosis - net diffusion of water from an area of higher concentration to lower concentration

(hypotonic to an area of hypertonic)

Question 2

osmolality(Osm)

Answer 2

osmolality(Osm) - the concentration of a solution in terms of osmoles of solutes per kilogram

Question 3

Osmolitcally Active

Answer 3

Osmolitcally Active - if a solute like salt is stuck on one side and cannot freely move across the membrane it is osmotically active

Question 4

Tonicity

Answer 4

Tonicity - is a question: will there be NET diffusion of H2O across a semi permeable membrane

Question 5

Isotonic

Answer 5

Isotonic - No net water movement. i.e. Normal Saline

Question 6

NaCl:

Answer 6

NaCl: 58 grams -> 1 mole -> 1 molal (M) -> 2 osmolal (Osm) -> 2000 milliosmolal (mOsm)

Question 7

NS

Answer 7

NS: 9 grams -> 0.15 mole -> 0.15 molal (M) -> 0.3 osmolal (Osm) -> 300 milliosmolal (mOsm)

Question 8

Glucose

Answer 8

Glucose: 180 grams -> 1 mole -> molal (M) -> 1 osmolal (Osm) -> 300 milliosmolal (mOsm)

Question 9

blood osmolality

Answer 9

blood osmolality = 280 to 300 mOsm/Kg

Osmosis occurs from a hypotonic to a hypertonic solution

Question 10

behavior of cells in solutions with different tonicities

isotonic solution

Answer 10

isotonic solution - normal saline = happy cells

Question 11

behavior of cells in solutions with different tonicities

hypotonic solution

Answer 11

behavior of cells in solutions with different tonicities

Question 12

behavior of cells in solutions with different tonicities

hypertonic solution

Answer 12

hypertonic solution - cell rapidly leaves the cell causing it to crenate or shrinks

Question 13

Rising phase

Answer 13

Rising phase - Na+ entry/depolarization

Question 14

falling phase

Answer 14

falling phase - K+ exit/repolarization

Question 15

after-hyperpolarization

Answer 15

after-hyperpolarization - K+ continues to exit until NA+/K+ pump turns on

Question 16

graded potential

Answer 16

graded potential - initial wave due to NA+ ligand gated entry. it can be anywhere from -70 -> -54mV

Question 17

action potential

Answer 17

action potential - wave of unstoppable depolarization when the cell raches -55mv

Question 18

hyperkalemia

Answer 18

hyperkalemia - flaccid paralysis. RMP rises past -55mv. to where the gates never close and there is a continuous AP

Question 19

hypokalemia

Answer 19

hypokalemia - muscle weakness, low RMP. goes from -70 to lets say -90mv. it makes it impossible for a graded potential to hit -55mv and an AP will never happen

Question 20

hypernatremia

Answer 20

hypernatremia- cell will beome more positive and the peak of the AP will be higher

Question 21

hyponatremia

Answer 21

hyponatremia - can be caused when you drink too much water. no affect on RMP but the peak will be lower

Question 22

TTX(Tetrodotoxin)

Answer 22

TTX(Tetrodotoxin) - blocks sodium channels and causes paralysis, No AP. Used at the dentist to numb

Question 23

TEA

Answer 23

TEA - neurotoxin that does not allow the cell to repolarize

Question 24

Absolute refactory period

Answer 24

Absolute refactory period - the time where if another stimulus were given to a cell it would not lead to a second AP

Question 25

relative refractory period

Answer 25

relative refractory period - during after polarization, a cell could send another AP if the stimulus was strong enough

Question 26

the more NT is between the synapse

Answer 26

the longer and stronger and more frequent an AP will be