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BIO 141 Lab > Lab Chp. 2: Cell Structure and Divison > Flashcards

Lab Chp. 2: Cell Structure and Divison Flashcards

1
Q

the basic, structural and functional living unit of any body

A

cell

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2
Q

A cell consists of:

A
  • A boundary (plasma membrane)
  • A cell body
  • A set of genes
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3
Q

What are the three major regions of a cell?

A
  1. plasma membrane
  2. Cell Body
  3. Genes
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4
Q

a “fluid” phospholipid bilayer is part of the

A

plasma membrane (e.g., cholesterol)

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5
Q

Regulates the type of molecules that enter and exit the cell

A

plasma membrane

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6
Q

What part of the cell helps communicate with other cells?

A

Plasma membrane

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7
Q

The cell body is filled mostly with ______

A

cytoplasm

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8
Q

A cell body is made up of:

A
  1. cytosol

2. organelles

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9
Q

part of the cytoplasm that is not contained in membrane bound organelles

A

cytosol

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10
Q

Where are genes found?

A

In the nucleus

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11
Q

Genes control:

A
  • cellular structure

- most cellular activities

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12
Q

Tiny structures that perform specialized tasks

A

organelles

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13
Q

______ are organelles that are not membrane bound

A

ribosomes

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14
Q

Cytosol is about _____% of the total cell volume

A

55%

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15
Q

Cytosol is about _______% water.

A

75-90%

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16
Q

For cellular grown, maintenance, and reproduction

A

organelles

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17
Q

What are the two components of cytoplasm?

A
  • cytosol

- organelles

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18
Q

A network of different protein filaments that extend out into the cytosol

A

cytoskeleton

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19
Q

Provides a structural framework

A

cytoskeleton

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20
Q
  • Found near the nucleus

- organizes microtubules

A

Centrosome

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21
Q
  • is 9 clusters of 3 tubules
  • Aid in mitosis
  • Form basis of cilia and flagella
A

Centrioles

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22
Q

Move things past the cell but DO NOT move the cell

A

cilia

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23
Q

Move the cell

A

flagella

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24
Q

What are the only cells with flagella in the human body?

A

Sperm cells

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25
Q

Site of protein synthesis

A

Ribosomes

  • made up of two subunits
  • some are free and others are membrane-bound

*Attach to E.R.

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26
Q
  • Synthesizes steroids, fatty acids, phospholipids
  • Detoxify certain drugs through enzymes
  • stores calcium needed for muscle contraction
A

Smooth E.R.

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27
Q

Made up of cisterns

A

Endoplasmic Reticulum

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28
Q
  • studded with ribosomes

- synthesizes proteins (e.g., insulin)

A

Rough E.R.

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29
Q

Refines and packages the products of the Rough and Smooth E.R.

A

The Golgi Apparatus

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30
Q

Products of the Golgi Apparatus are packaged in ________ _________

A

transport vesticles

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31
Q

Membrane bound sphere

A

vesticles

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32
Q

vesicles that send their materials to areas outside of the cell where they are made

A

secretory vesticles

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33
Q
  • Contain digestive enzymes to break down food

- break down old, worn-out organelles

34
Q

Use oxygen to break down waste

A

Peroxisomes

(When they use oxygen to break down waste, it forms peroxide)

*Contains catalase enzymes to break down peroxide

35
Q

Mitochondria

A
  • “Powerhouse of the cell”
  • Site of ATP synthesis
  • Have their own DNA
  • contains cristae (inner membrane)
36
Q

What are good for tracing maternal DNA

A

mitochonria

37
Q

Which has more surface area, the inner membrane or the outer membrane of the mitochondria?

A

The inner membrane

38
Q

Nucleolus

A

Site of RNA formation

39
Q

Contains DNA

40
Q

Can DNA escape through the nuclear envelope?

A

No, but RNA can

41
Q

Nucleus

A
  • Holds the genetic blueprint (DNA)
  • Site where information in DNA is copied into RNA
  • Where protein formation is initiated
42
Q

Writing DNA into RNA

A

Transcription

43
Q

How does RNA differ from DNA?

A
  • Sugar is ribose (DNA is doxiribose)
  • has uracil instead of thymine
  • is single stranded
44
Q

What is the major goal of mitosis?

A

Major Goal: to distribute a copy of each chromatid into each daughter cell

45
Q

How many phases does Mitosis have?

46
Q

Prophase

A

Duplicated chromosomes are visible. Centrosomes begin moving apart; nuclear envelope is fragmenting and nucleolus will disappear.

47
Q

Metaphase

A

Chromosomes (each containing two sister chromatids) are at the metaphase plate (center of fully formed spindle)

48
Q

Anaphase

A

Daughter chromosomes are moving towards the poles of the spindle

49
Q

Telophase

A

Daughter cells are forming as nuclear envelopes and nucleoli appear. Chromosomes will become indistinct chromatin

50
Q

Cytokinesis beings with what Mitotic phase?

A

Anaphase

*ends after telophase

51
Q

Cell division is _______ to the mitotic spindles.

A

perpendicular

52
Q

Cell division starts with the ______ ______ pinching the animal cell into two.

A

contractile ring

53
Q

When cells divide in telophase, a ____ ______ becomes apparent.

A

Cleavage furrow

54
Q

List the general characteristics of epithelial tissue

A
  1. cover exterior surface of body and internal organs
  2. line walls of body cavities and interior of hollow organs
  3. tissue has free surface
  4. tissue anchored by a basement membrane at bottom
  5. cells readily divide by mitosis
55
Q

flat

56
Q

cude-shaped, rounded corners

57
Q

elongated (tall/thin)

58
Q

one layer

59
Q

more than one layer

A

stratified

60
Q

looks stratified, but really just one layer

A

pseudostratified

61
Q

Simple Squamous Epithelium

A
  • single layer of flat cells
  • substances pass through easily
  • line air sacs of lungs, blood vessels, and lymphatic vessels
62
Q

simple cuboidal epithelium

A
  • single layer of cube-shaped cells, rounded corners

- form kidney tubules and ducts of some glands

63
Q

simple columnar epithelium

A
  • single layer of elongated (tall/thin) cells
  • nuclei near the basement membrane at same level
  • often have goblet cells for secretion of mucus
  • sometimes possess microvilli
  • line stomach and intestines
64
Q

stratified squamous epithelium

A
  • Many cell layers
  • top cells are flat, but lower cells are rounded
  • lines mouth and esophagus
  • forms outer layer of skin where top cells become keritanized (tough, waterproof)
65
Q

simple squamous epithelium

A

line air sacs of lungs, blood vessels, and lymphatic vessels

66
Q

simple cuboidal epithelium

A

form kidney tubules and ducts of some glands

67
Q

simple columnar epithelium

A

line stomach and intestines

68
Q

pseudostratified columnar epithelium

A
  • single layer of elongated (tall/thin) cells
  • nuclei at two or more levels
  • appear stratified, but really have a single layer
  • often have cilia (movement) and goblet cells (mucus)
  • line respiratory passages
69
Q

stratified squamous epithelium

A

forms outer layer of skin where top cells become keritanized (tough, waterproof)

70
Q

stratified cuboidal epithelium

A

sweat glands, salivary glands, and pancreas

71
Q

stratified columnar epithelium

A

found in male urethra and parts of the pharynx

72
Q

What is the function of the microvilli?

A

They increase the surface area of the cell and aid in absorption

73
Q

What are the three main parts of any cell?

A
  1. Plasma Membrane
  2. Cell Body
  3. Genes
74
Q

Discuss the composition and function of cytoplasm

A

a. Cytosol- about 55% of total cell volume

b. Organelles- for cellular growth, maintenance, and reproduction

75
Q

Discuss the composition and function of cytoskeleton

A

a. A network of different protein filaments that extend out into the cytosol
b. Provides a structural framework

76
Q

Where is protein formation initiated?

77
Q

Mitosis

A

Division of a somatic cell nucleus during cell divison

78
Q

Cytokinesis

A

Division of the cytoplasm during the cell cycle

79
Q

Contractile Ring

A

contraction which causes the plasma membrane to pinch inward and the cell to divide (pinching the animal cell into two)

80
Q

cleavage furrow

A

a groove in the plasma membrane between daughter nuclei

BIO 141 Lab (10 decks)

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