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SAS scs RUSVM > Lab: Anesthesia Quiz > Flashcards

Lab: Anesthesia Quiz Flashcards

1
Q

How can you treat hypotension?

A
  1. Decrease AX amount
  2. Gvie IVF bolus
  3. Drugs: Dopamine, Dobutamine, Ephedrine
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2
Q

What does the QRS complex on a ECG represent?

A

Ventricular depolarization and atrial repolarization

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3
Q

What does a capnometer measure? What does a capnograph display?

A

ET CO2

ET CO2 vs Time

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4
Q

An arterial blood sample with have an SO2 > ___% while a venous sample will have SO2=____%. This is a good way to determine whether you have indeed obtained an arterial blood sample

A

88

65-75

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5
Q

What is the IVF rate for dogs under AX?

A

10mg/kg/hr

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6
Q

What does the p wave of an ECG reflect?

A

Atrial depolarization

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7
Q

What are the 3 ways to measure BP (note which are direct and which are indirect and where they are placed)?

A

Direct and invasive via arterial catheter

  • Facial, Transverse Facial artery in Horses
  • Dorsal pedal, Metatarsal artery in Dogs
  • Dorsal pedal, coccygeal in Cats
  • Auricular artery in Cattle
  • Median artery in Sheep/goats
  • Real time BP measurement

Indirect - Oscillometric (vibrations from blood flow in artery)

  • Gives MAP SAP and DAP
  • Better in large animals

Indirect- Doppler (ultrasound)

  • Dog on Palmar Digital A
  • Sheep on Median A
  • Horse on Tail
  • Only SAP
  • Cuff 30-40% limb circumference
  • Underestimates BP in cats
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8
Q

What is the drug of choice for a hypotensive cat?

A

Dopamine

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9
Q

What is the normal temperature range for equids? Ovids?

A

Equine: 99-101F

Ovine: 102-104F

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10
Q

List 3 drugs that can be used to induce dogs quickly? What drug is slower but has a wider safety margin?

A

Propofol, Alfaxalone, Etomidate

Ketamine

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11
Q

Which induction agent causes transient adrenal suppression?

A

Etomidate

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12
Q

What is the most common cause of A-a difference?

A

V/Q mismatch

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13
Q

What are 2 effects of hypotension?

A

Compromised ability of kidney to maintain GFR

Compromises cerebral perfusion

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14
Q

What is the main indication for mechanical ventilation? List some other specific indications. What are the 2 biggest side effects caused by mechanical ventilation?

A

Main: Decreased PaCO2 if intubated, hypoxemia if getting <100%O2

Other: NM blockage, Thoracic sx, Controlling ICP, Chest wall/diaphragm trauma

Side effects: Hypotension, Hypercapnea

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15
Q

What does a F air cannister NOT absorb? When must it be discarded?

A

N2O

When it has gained 50g

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16
Q

What does the T wave on a ECG represent?

A

Ventricular repolarization

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17
Q

What are 2 types of re-breathing systems? What are 2 types of non-rebreathing systems?

A

Rebreathing: Circle/Y hose, Universal F

Non-rebreathing: Mapleson A-F, Bain (modified Mapleson D)

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18
Q

What are normal blood gas values for PaO2 (if getting 100% O2) and Lactate?

A

PaO2: >500mmHg

Lactate: 1-2 mmol/L

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19
Q

What are advantages and disadvantages of re-breathing systems?

A

(+): Requires lower fresh gas flow

(-): Higher resistance (valves), slower [AX] change, more components

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20
Q

What pressure do you use to check for leaks in the AX machine/system? How much leakage is acceptable (mL)?

A

30cmH2O

Up to 300mL

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21
Q

SpO2 75%= ____PaO2

SpO2 88%= ____PaO2

SpO2 90% = ____PaO2 *Hypoxia upper limit*

SpO2 98% (breathing room air)= ____PaO2

SpO2 100%= ____PaO2

A

75%= 40mmHg

88%= 55mmHg

90%= 60mmHg

98%= 110mmHg

100%= 550mmHg

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22
Q

What do the letters A-E represent?

A

A: Start of expiration

B: Dead space gas replaced by alveolar gas

C-D: Pure alveolar gas

D: Start of inspiration (ETCO2)

E: Dilution of aleveolar gas by inspired fresh gas

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23
Q

How do you calculate bag size for small animals? Large animals?

A

Small: 15mL/kg x 6 = 90xBW (=ml)

Large: 30L bag or 20L ventilator capacity

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24
Q

What do each of these capnograph wave forms represent?

A

Orange/top: Normal breathing

Yellow/middle: Hyperventilation

Red/bottom: Hypoventilation

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25
Q

Where can temperature measurements be taken?

A

Rectal

Esophagus

Pharynx

Nasal

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26
Q

What can cause decreased SaO2 and pO2?

A

Acidosis

Hyperthermia

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27
Q

In a re-breathing system, what is the O2 flow rate for animals <50kg (induction, maintenance, recovery)? >50kg?

A

mL/kg/min

<50kg: I and R 50-100

M 20-50

>50kg: I and R 20-50

M 10-20

28
Q

What is normal EtCO2?

A

35-45mmHg

29
Q

What does BP reflect?

A

Perfusion

30
Q

What is the normal RR range for equids? Ovids?

A

Equine: 8-20

Ovine: 12-20

31
Q

What is the O2 flow rate for non-re-breathing systems? What happens if you use a setting that is too low?

A

300mL/kg/min (2-3x tdal volume)

Too low=CO2 rebreathing

32
Q

What are normal blood gas values for pH and PaCO2?

A

pH: 7.35-7.45

PaCO2= 35-45​ mmHs (Cats 30+/-2)

33
Q

Which blood gas values are measured and which are calculated?

A

Measured: pH, PaCO2, PaO2

Calculated: HCO3-, BE, O2 content

34
Q

How do you obtain SaO2? What does it reflect?

A

Arterial blood gas analysis

Direct measurement of the oxygen content of the blood

35
Q

What can you use to increase contact between ECG electrodes and the skin?

A

ECG gel

Saline

(NO ALCOHOL!)

36
Q

What type of lead system is used in small animals? Where are the leads placed?

A

Lead II

White (-) on right arm

Black (+) on left arm

Red on left stifle

37
Q

What type of lead system is used in large animals? Where are the leads placed?

A

Lead I (Base-Apex system)

White (-) R jugular furrow/whithers

Black (+) ventral midline under heart apex

Red away from the heart/left flank

38
Q

What is the most common place for leaks of an AX machine to occur?

A

CO2 absorbent canister

39
Q

What is the normal HR range for equids? Ovids?

A

Equine: 28-44

Ovine: 70-90

40
Q

E cylinder: ____L _____psi

A

660

2200

41
Q

What does this capnograph waveform represent and how can you resolve the problem?

A

Bronchospams

Administer B2 agonist (e.g. Albuterol, Tertbutaline)

42
Q

What is the best location for obtaining a blood gas sample in small animals? Large animals?

A

Small: Dorsal pedal artery

Large: Facial, transverse facial, auricular artery

43
Q

What affects PulsOx measurements? What pathologies can cause artifically high readings?

A

Tissue thickness

Hypoperfusion

Vasoconstriction

Anemia

Pigmentation

CO and CN poisoning = reading is artifically higher

44
Q

Mechanical ventilation: _____ limits flow, ______ limits volume.

A

Resistance

Compliance

45
Q

How do you treat elevated lactate intra-operatively?

A

IVF

46
Q

What are advantages and disadvantages of non-re-breathing systems?

A

(+): Minimal dead-space, can change [AX] quickly, fewer potential places for leaks

(-): Patient breaths cold and dry gas, more expensive, more environmental pollution

47
Q

What are the 5 causes of hypoxemia?

A

V/Q mismatch

Hypoventilation

Low FiO2

Right to Left shunt

Diffusion impairment

48
Q

What are 2 drugs that you can give for refractory shock and non-responsive hypotension?

A

Norepinephrine

Vasopressin

49
Q

What has the most significant effect on endotracheal tube resistance?

A

Radius/diameter

50
Q

Which drug can be used topically for nasal edema?

A

Phenylephrine

51
Q

What is the normal MAP and SAP range for small animals? Large animals?

A

Small animals: SAP-60 MAP-80

Large animals: SAP-70 MAP-90

52
Q

What is the normal HR range for dogs? Cats?

A

Dogs: 60-120

Cats: 120-180

53
Q

What are the 2 types of scavenging systems?

A

Active (quick connector)- more common

Passive (F air canister)- more resistance

54
Q

Which drug is indicated for CPR and anaphylactic shock?

A

Epinephrine

55
Q

What is the minimum acceptable FiO2? What is the metabolic O2 requirement?

A

0.3-0.35 / 30-35%

Metabolic requirement: 5-10 mL/kg/min

56
Q

What pre-med drug class can be given to prevent opioid dysphoria?

A

Phenothiazines

57
Q

T/F: A normal heart rate and strong pulse indicates adequate cardiac output even if there isn’t a normal sinus rhythm.

A

True

58
Q

Match the drugs with their antagonists.

Naloxone

A2 agonists

Flumazenil

Benzos

Atipamazole

Opioids

A

Opioids- Naloxone

A2-Atipamazole

Benzos-Flumazenil

59
Q

What are the 7 anesthesia machine related safety systems?

A
  1. Color coding and labelling
  2. Diameter index (gas-specific threaded connections)
  3. Pin index (gas-specific pin pattern)
  4. Quick connectors
  5. Regulator (pressure-reducing valve)
  6. Flow meter (gas specific)
  7. Vaporizer agent-specific keyed filler port
60
Q

Which 2 drugs are counterindicated in sheep during AX?

A

Atropine

Xylazine

(Avoid A-2s because they cause pulmonary damage)

61
Q

What is the normal RR range for dogs? Cats?

A

Dogs: 10-30

Cats: 20-40

62
Q

What does the PulsOx measure? What is normal?

A

SpO2 - % Hb saturated w/O2

>95%

63
Q

What are normal blood gas values for HCO3- and BE?

A

HCO3-: 24+/-4 mEq/L (cats 22+/-2, herbs 30+/-5)

BE: 0 +/- 4 mEq/L

64
Q

What is the normal temperature range for dogs? Cats?

A

Dogs: 100.4-102.2F

Cats: 101.3-102.2F

65
Q

What are 2 methods for measuring HR?

A

Esophageal stethoscope

ECG

SAS scs RUSVM (24 decks)

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