Lab A Flashcards
The sac that surrounds the lungs
pleura
The space between the sac that surrounds the lungs and the lungs
pleural cavity
the lining of the surface of the lungs
visceral pleurae
the lining of the inside of the thoracic cavity and the superior surface of the diaphragm
parietal pleurae
parietal pleura tissue type
simple squamous epithelia
visceral pleura tissue type
simple squamous epithelia
Pleural fluid is secreted into the ____.
pleural cavity
how is the trachea supported?
cartilaginous tracheal c-rings
a word that means to split
bifurcate
what does the trachea bifurcate into?
two main (primary) bronchi
specialized cartilage at the birfurcation of the trachea
carina
what kind of cartilage supports the bronchi?
hyaline cartilage
the Bronchi diverge into what?
smaller and smaller bronchioles
true or false: bronchioles do not have supporting cartilage.
true.
which anatomical feature of the lungs is superior?
apex
which anatomical feature of the lungs is inferior?
base
which lung is larger than the other?
the right is larger than the left.
How many lobes does the left lung have?
2
what anatomical feature distinguishes the lobes of the lungs?
fissures
List the lobes of the right lung from top to bottom.
superior lobe, middle lobe, inferior lobe
what divides the right superior lobe from the right middle lobe?
horizontal fissure
what divides the right middle lobe from the inferior lobe?
the right oblique fissure
list the lobes of the left lobe from top to bottom.
superior lobe, inferior lobe
what divides the left superior lobe from the left inferior lobe?
the left oblique fissure
what is the surface at the base of the lungs?
diaphragmatic surface
what is the impression on the medial side of the left lung?
cardiac impression (cardiac notch)
what does the main bronchi serve?
lungs
what does the lobar bronchi serve?
the lobes
what does the segmental bronchi serve?
the bronchopulmonary segments
another name for the lobar bronchi
secondary bronchi
another name for the segmental bronchi
tertiary bronchi
the space through which a lot of things enter the lungs:
the hilum
what are the things that enter through the hilum? (5)
pulmonary arteries, pulmonary veins, bronchi, nerves, and lymphatic vessels
what is the medial surface of the lungs called?
the mediastinal surface
What are the muscles of inspiration? (5)
diaphragm, external intercostals, sternocleidomastoid, pectoralis minor, scalenes
what are the muscles of expiration?
internal intercostals, the abdominal muscle group: rectus abdominis, external abdominal oblique, transversus abdominis, and internal abdominal oblique
what are the muscles of expiration? (4)
internal intercostals, the abdominal muscle group: rectus abdominis, external abdominal oblique, transversus abdominis, and internal abdominal oblique
is the sternocleidomastoid a muscle of inspiration or expiration?
inspiration
is the external abdominal oblique a muscle of inspiration or expiration?
expiration
is the pectoralis minor a muscle of inspiration or expiration?
inspiration
is the transversus abdominis a muscle of inspiration or expiration?
expiration
are the internal intercostals a muscle of inspiration or expiration?
expiration
are the external intercostals a muscle of inspiration or expiration?
inspiration
are the scalenes a muscle of inspiration or expiration?
inspiration
is the diaphragm a muscle of inspiration or expiration?
inspiration
is the internal abdominal oblique a muscle of inspiration or expiration?
expiration
is the rectus abdominis a muscle of inspiration or expiration?
expiration
what muscles make up the abdominal muscle group?
the rectus abdominis, external abdominal oblique, transversus abdominis, internal abdominal oblique
What are the four layers of the conducting division?
Mucosa
submucosa
cartilaginous layer
aventitia
what type of tissue makes up the mucosa?
areolar connective tissue
Where is the muscularis mucosa?
bronchi and bronchioles
where are seromucous glands present?
trachea
where is the cartilaginous layer found?
the trachea and all bronchi
what type of cartilage is in the cartilaginous layer?
hyaline cartilage
what type of tissue is found in the adventitia layer?
dense irregular CT
where is the adventitia layer found?
trachea and extrapulmonary bronchi
What is most of the conducting division lined with (type of epithelium)
pseudostratified columnar
What kind of cells are found within the pseudostratified columnar epithelium?
goblet cells
what shape of cells do the pseudostratified columnar transition to?
cuboidal
What removes the mucus within the submucosa?
motile cilia
What removes the mucus within the submucosa?
motile cilia
what type of cartilage supports the trachea?
hyaline cartilage
what kind of glands are found in the mucosa lining the lumen of the trachea?
seromucous glands
what kind of tissue is the adventitia made of?
dense irregular CT
what is the cartilage ring in the trachea called?
the tracheal ring
what tissue type is the trachealis muscle?
smooth muscle
what is the layer in the trachea between the submucosa and psudostratified columnar epithelium?
lamina propria
what tissue type indicates a bronchus?
hyaline cartilage plate
what word means within the lungs?
intrapulmonary
What is the muscle within a bronchus?
muscularis mucosa
what type of muscle is the muscularis mucosa?
smooth muscle
what are some features that distinguish bronchioles from bronchus?
no cartilage
collapsed lumen
muscularis mucosa present
absent seromucous glands
what is a feature that histologically distinguishes a bronchiole from a pulmonary blood vessel?
the bronchiole has darker staining epithelium.
what feature can be found at the end of a respiratory bronchiole?
alveolar duct
what feature can be found at the end of a respiratory bronchiole?
alveolar duct
describe simple squamous epithelium
Single layer of flattened cells with disc shaped central nuclei and sparse cytoplasm.
What is the function of simple squamous epithelium
allows passage of materials by diffusion and filtration in sites where protection is not important. secretes lubricating substances in serosae.
Where is simple squamous epithelium located
kidney glomeruli, air sacs of lungs, lining of heart, blood vessels, and lymphatic vessels; lining of ventral body cavity (serosae)
describe simple cuboidal epithelium
single layer of cubelike cells with large, spherical central nuclei.
What is the function of simple cuboidal epithelium
secretion and absorption
where is simple cuboidal epithelium located
kidney tubules, ducts and secretory portions of small glands; ovary surface
describe pseudostratified columnar epithelium
single layer of cells of differing heights
some not reaching the free surface
nuclei seen at different levels
may contain goblet cells and bear cilia
what is the function of pseudostratified columnar epithelium
secretion
particularly of mucus
propulsion of mucus by ciliary action
where is pseudostratified columnar epithelium located?
nonciliated type in male’s sperm-carrying ducts
ducts of large glands
ciliated variety lines the trachea
most of the upper respiratory tract
describe areolar CT
Gel-like matrix with all three fiber types
cells are fibroblasts, macrophages, mast cells, and some WBC
what is the function of areolar CT
wraps and cushions organs
its macrophages phagocytize bacteria
plays an important role in inflammation
holds and conveys tissue fluid
where is areolar CT located?
widely distributed under epithelia of body
forms lamina propia of mucous membranes
packages organs
surrounds capillaries
name the three types of fiber
elastic fibers
collagen fibers
fibroblast fibers
describe dense irregular CT
irregularly arranged collagen fibers
some elastic fibers
major cell type: fibroblasts
what is the function of dense irregular CT
Able to withstand tension exerted in many directions
provides structural strength
location of dense irregular CT
dermis of skin
submucosa of digestive tract
fibrous capsules of organs and joints
describe hyaline cartilage
amorphous but firm matrix
collagen fibers form an imperceptible network
chondroblasts produce the matrix
mature chrondroblasts lie in lacunae
function of hyaline cartilage
supports and reinforces
has resilient cushioning properties
resists compressive stress
location of hyaline cartilage
forms most of the embryonic skeleton
covers the ends of long bones in joint cavities
forms costal cartilages of the ribs
cartilages of the nose, trachea, and larynx
describe smooth muscle
spindle-shaped cells with central nuclei (uninucleate)
no striations
cells arranged closely to form sheets
what is the function of smooth muscle
propels substances or objects along internal passageways
involuntary control
where is smooth muscle located?
mostly in the walls of hollow organs
trachealis muscle
muscularis mucosa of bronchioles
what are the parts of the conducting division?
nost, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, and bronchioles
what are the parts of the respiratory division?
respiratory bronchioles, alveolar ducts, and alveoli
what is the function of the respiratory division?
diffusion of O2 and CO2
what is the function of the conducting division
provide a continuous passageway for air to move in and out of the lungs.
