Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

A&P 303 > 4/26 Lecture E2 > Flashcards

4/26 Lecture E2 Flashcards

1
Q

In what ways is the urinary system closely associated with the reproductive system?

A

1) shared embryonic development and adult anatomical relationship
2) collectively called the urogenital (UG) system

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What are the functions of the kidneys? (8)

A

1) Filter blood and excrete toxic metabolic wastes
2) Regulate blood volume, pressure, and osmolarity
3) Regulate electrolytes and acid-base balance
4) secrete erythropoietin
5) help regulate calcium levels by participating in calcitriol synthesis
6) clear hormones from blood
7) detoxify free radicals
8) in starvation, synthesize glucose from amino acids

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What is waste?

A

Any substance that is useless to the body or present in excess of the body’s needs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What is metabolic waste?

A

waste substance produced by the body

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What are the steps in urea formation?

A

Proteins –> amino acids –> NH2 removed –> forms ammonia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What organ converts ammonia to urea?

A

the liver

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What is uric acid a product of?

A

nucleic acid catabolism

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What is creatinine a product of?

A

creatine phosphate catabolism

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What is Blood Urea Nitrogen (BUN)?

A

The level of nitrogenous waste in the blood

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What is the normal concentration of blood urea?

A

10-20 mg/dL

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What does Azotemia mean?

A

elevated BUN

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What does azotemia indicate?

A

renal insufficiency

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What are the symptoms of uremia?

A

diarrhea, vomiting, dyspnea, weakness, and metabolic acidosis.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What does uremia stem from?

A

toxicity of nitrogenous waste

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What is the treatment for uremia?

A

hemodialysis or organ transplant

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What is excretion?

A

separating wastes from body fluids and eliminating them

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What are the four body systems that carry out excretion?

A

1) respiratory system
2) integumentary system
3) digestive system
4) urinary system

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What does the respiratory system excrete?

A

CO2, small amounts of other gases, water

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What does the integumentary system excrete?

A

water, inorganic salts, lactic acid, and urea (in sweat)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What does the digestive system excrete?

A

water, salts, CO2, lipids, bile pigments, cholesterol, and other metabolic waste

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What does the urinary system excrete?

A

many metabolic wastes, toxins, drugs, hormones, salts, H+, and water

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Where is the kidney located?

A

posterior abdominal wall at level of T12 to L3

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Why is the right kidney slightly lower?

A

Due to the large right lobe of liver

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What rib crosses the middle of the left kidney?

A

Rib 12

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

T of F: the kidney, ureters, urinary bladder, renal artery and vein, and adrenal glands are all retroperitoneal

A

T

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

What is Murphy’s punch/sign

A

thoracic spine examination testing for kidney inflammation, infection and obstruction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

What is the shape and size of a kidney comparable to?

A

the size of your fist, lateral convex surface and medial concave surface with a slit (hilum)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

What does the hilum receive?

A

renal nerves, blood vessels, lymphatics, and ureter

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

What are the three protective tissue coverings around the kidney?

A

1) Renal fascia
2) Perirenal fat capsule
3) Fibrous capsule

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

What is the role of the renal fascia?

A

binds the kidney to the abdominal wall

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

What is the role of the perirenal fat capsule?

A

cushions the kidney and holds it into place

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

What is the role of the fibrous capsule?

A

encloses the kidney and holds it into place

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

How does the fibrous capsule connect to the renal fascia?

A

through collagen fibers

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

What is the renal parenchyma?

A

glandular tissue that forms urine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

Shape and location of the renal parenchyma.

A

C-shaped in frontal section

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

What is the renal sinus?

A

cavity that contains blood and lymphatic vessels, nerves, and urine-collecting structures

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

What fills the gaps in the renal sinus and holds structures in place?

A

adipose tissue

38
Q

What are the two zones of the renal parenchyma?

A

1) outer renal cortex

2) inner renal medulla

39
Q

What are the two features of the renal medulla?

A

1) renal columns

2) renal pyramids

40
Q

What are renal columns?

A

extensions of the cortex that project inward towards the sinus.

41
Q

Within the kidney, what does the renal artery divide into?

A

segmental arteries

42
Q

What are the segmental arteries of the kidney? (3)

A

interlobar, arcuate, and cortical radiate

43
Q

Where are the interlobar arteries located?

A

through the renal columns, between pyramids

44
Q

Where are the arcuate arteries located?

A

Arcing over the pyramids

45
Q

Where are the cortical radiate arteries located?

A

in the cortex, above the arcuate arteries

46
Q

How many nephrons does each afferent arteriole supply?

A

one

47
Q

how does blood drain from the glomerulus?

A

by efferent arterioles

48
Q

Where do most efferent arterioles lead to?

A

peritubular capillaries

49
Q

What is the vasa recta?

A

a network of blood vessels within the renal medulla, supplying the nephron loop portion of the nephron

50
Q

What is the renal blood pathway?

A

abdominal aorta –> Renal artery –> segmental arteries –> interlobar arteies –> arcuate artery –> cortical radiate arteries –> Afferent arteriole –> glomerulus –> efferent arteriole –> peritubular capillaries (or vasa recta!) –> cortical radiate veins –> arcuate veins –> interlobar veins –> renal veins –> inferior vena cava

51
Q

Approximately how many nephrons does each kidney have?

A

about 1.2 million

52
Q

What are the two principal parts that compose the nephron?

A
  1. renal corpuscle

2. renal tubule

53
Q

What does the renal corpuscle do?

A

filters the blood plasma

54
Q

what does the renal tubule do?

A

converts the filtrate into urine

55
Q

What does the renal corpuscle consist of?

A
  1. glomerulus

2. A 2-layer glomerular capsule that encloses the glomerulus

56
Q

What kind of tissue makes up the parietal outer layer of the glomerular capsule?

A

simple squamous epithelium

57
Q

What kind of cells make up the visceral inner layer of the glomerular capsule?

A

podocytes

58
Q

What separates the two layers of the glomerular capsule?

A

capsular space

59
Q

What is the vascular pole?

A

the side of the corpuscle where the afferent arterial enters the corpuscle and the efferent arteriole leaves

60
Q

What is the urinary pole?

A

opposite of the vascular pole, where the renal tubule begins.

61
Q

What is another name for the renal tubule?

A

uriniferous tubule

62
Q

what is a renal tubule?

A

duct leading from the glomerular capsule and ending at the tip (papillary end) of the medullary pyramid

63
Q

What are the four regions of the renal tubule?

A
  1. proximal convoluted tubule
  2. nephron loop (loop of henle)
  3. distal convoluted tubule
  4. collecting duct (receives fluid from many nephrons)
64
Q

true or false: the collecting ducts are shared by multiple nephrons

A

TRUE

65
Q

From where does the proximal convoluted tubule arise from?

A

the glomerular capsule

66
Q

What is the longest and most coiled region of the renal tubule

A

proximal convoluted tubule

67
Q

What is the tissue type of the proximal convoluted tubule?

A

simple cuboidal epithelium

68
Q

What type of tissues make up the thick segments of the loop of henle?

A

simple cuboidal epithelium

69
Q

What type of tissues make up the thin segments of the loop of henle?

A

simple squamous epithelium

70
Q

Where are the thick segments of the nephron loop located?

A

the initial part of the descending limb and part or all of the ascending limb

71
Q

what are the thick segments mainly involved in?

A

active transport of salts and contain many mitochondria

72
Q

What is a feature of the thin segments?

A

the cells are very permeable to water.

73
Q

Where is the distal convoluted tubule located?

A

begins shortly after the ascending limb reenters the cortex (the end of the nephron)

74
Q

which has microvilli: the Proximal Convoluted tubule, or the distal convoluted tubule?

A

the proximal convoluted tubule

75
Q

what kind of tissue is the distal convoluted tubule made of?

A

simple cuboidal epithelium

76
Q

How many papillary ducts end at the tip of each papilla?

A

30

77
Q

what are collecting and papillary ducts lined with?

A

simple cuboidal epithelium

78
Q

What is the flow of fluid from the point where the glomerular filtrate is formed to the point where urine leaves the body?

A

glomerular capsule –> proximal convoluted tubule –> nephron loop –> distal convoluted tubule –> collecting duct –> papillary duct –> minor calyx –> major calyx –> renal pelvis –> ureter –> urinary bladder –> urethra

79
Q

What is the renal plexus?

A

nerves and ganglia wrapped around each renal artery

80
Q

To which parts does the renal plexus provide nerve fibers to?

A

blood vessels and convoluted tubules of the nephron

81
Q

what kind of innervation does the renal plexus provide to the abdominal aortic plexus?

A

sympathetic innervation

82
Q

What does the sympathetic innervation to the abdominal aortic plexus do?

A

stimulation reduces glomerular blood flow and rate of urine production.

83
Q

what does falling blood pressure stimulate the kidneys to do?

A

secrete renin

84
Q

what is renin?

A

an enzyme that activates hormonal mechanisms to restore blood pressure

85
Q

what is the function of the parasympathetic innervation of the kidneys?

A

that is unknown.

86
Q

What are the four basic stages of urine formation?

A

1) glomerular filtration
2) tubular reabsorption
3) tubular secretion
4) water conservation

87
Q

describe glomerular filtration

A

the creation of a plasma like filtrate of the blood

88
Q

describe tubular reabsorption

A

the removal of useful solutes from the filtrate, returning them to the blood

89
Q

describe tubular secretion

A

the removal of additional wastes from the blood, adding them to the filtrate

90
Q

describe water conservation

A

the removal of water from the urine and its return to the blood. This concentrates wastes

A&P 303 (18 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions