4/10 Lecture E1 Flashcards
What drives the need to breathe to take in Oxygen?
ATP synthesis
What two systems collaborate to regulate the body’s acid-base balance?
respiratory and urinary
How does the respiratory system help in blood pressure regulation?
by helping in synthesis of angiotensin II
Where does incoming air stop?
alveoli
What does the conducting zone include?
The passages that serve only as airflow, no gas exchange
What does the respiratory zone include?
alveoli and other gas exchange regions
What does the upper respiratory tract include?
nose through larynx
what does the lower respiratory tract include?
trachea through lungs
What is another work for the posterior nasal apertures?
choanae
What is the nasal septum composed of?
hyaline cartilage
What does the hard palate do?
separates the nasal cavity from the oral cavity and allows breathing while chewing
Where do the paranasal sinuses and nasolacrimal duct drain into?
the nasal cavity
What is the vestibule of the nose lined with?
stratified squamous epithelium
What are vibrissae
stiff guard hairs that block insects and debris from entering the nose
What is the role of nasal conchae?
Narrowness and turbulence ensure that most air contacts mucous membranes; cleans, warms, and moistens the air
what do goblet cells secrete?
mucus
Which concha contains an extensive venous plexus?
inferior concha: swells to redirect airflow once or twice an hour.
What are the three regions of the pharynx?
1) nasopharynx
2) oropharynx
3) laryngopharynx
Which region of the pharynx passes only air?
nasopharynx
What regions of the pharynx pass air, food, and drink?
oropharynx and laryngopharynx
What is the primary function of the larynx?
to keep food and drink out of the airway
What kind of tissue is strictly respiratory?
pseudostratified columnar epithelium
How does the epiglottis close the airway?
1) extrinsic muscles of larynx pull upward
2) tongue pushes epiglottis down to meet the larynx
What plays the greater role in keeping food and drink out of the airway?
vestibular folds
How many cartilages make up the framework of the larynx?
9
what is the role of the cricoid cartilage?
connects larynx to trachea
What is the largest cartilage in the larynx?
thyroid cartilage
What is the most superior cartilage of the larynx?
Epiglottic cartilage
What are the three smaller paired cartilages of the larynx?
arytenoid, corniculate, and cuneiform cartilages
What are the superior vestibular folds for?
close the larynx during swallowing
What are the inferior vocal cords for?
produce sound when air passes through them
Why are the inferior vocal cords covered in stratified squamous epithelium?
this material is tough to endure vibration and contact
What supports the trachea?
16-20 c-rings of hyaline cartilage
What is the inner lining of the trachea composed of?
ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelium
What is the mechanism used for debris removal in the trachea?
Mucociliary escalator
What is found in the middle tracheal layer?
lymphatic nodules, mucous and serous glands and tracheal cartilages
What is the outermost layer of the trachea called?
adventitia
what is the role of the carina?
directs airflow to the right and left
What could happen if a trachea tube is left in for too long?
drying of the mucous membranes of respiratory tract
What constitutes the root of the lung?
the structures near the hilum
which lung is shorter?
right
How many lobes does the right lung have?
3
where do aspirated foreign objects lodge most often?
the right main bronchus: it is slightly wider and more vertical than the left.
What are all bronchi lined with?
ciliated pseudostratified comlumnar epithelium
What is abundant in the lamina propia?
mucous glands and lymphocyte nodules (MALT)
What is the large amount of elastic connective tissue in the bronchial tree useful for?
recoil that expels air from lungs
what type of tissue do the bronchioles have?
ciliated cuboidal epithelium and smooth muscle
What do respiratory bronchioles end in?
alveolar sacs
