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A&P 303 > 4/17 Lecture E1 > Flashcards

4/17 Lecture E1 Flashcards

1
Q

Approximate volume of the anatomic dead space

A

150 mL

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2
Q

What is the anatomic dead space?

A

Conducting zone of airway where there is no gas exchange.

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3
Q

What can alter (somewhat) the anatomic dead space?

A

Sympathetic and parasympathetic stimulation: sympathetic dilation increases dead space but allows greater flow

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4
Q

What is the total physiologic dead space?

A

= sum of anatomic dead space + pathological (from disease) alveolar dead space

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5
Q

What are the units of alveolar ventilation rate?

A

mL/min

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6
Q

What is the AVR equation?

A

AVR = Air that ventilates alveoli x respiratory rate

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7
Q

What is a spirometer?

A

a device that recaptures expired breath and records such variables as rate and depth of breathing, speed of expiration, and rate of oxygen consumption

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8
Q

What is Tidal Volume?

A

The volume of air inhaled and exhaled in one cycle of breathing (about 16 oz)

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9
Q

What is inspiratory volume?

A

The air in excess of tidal volume that can be inhaled with maximum effort (approx. 3000 mL)

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10
Q

What is Expiratory reserve volume:

A

Air in excess of tidal volume that can be exhaled with max effort (approx. 1200 mL)

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11
Q

What is residual volume?

A

The amount you cannot void, even after max exhalation (approx 1300 mL)

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12
Q

What is a benefit of residual volume?

A

Allows some gas exchange with blood before next breath of fresh air arrives.

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13
Q

What is the vital capacity equation?

A

VC = ERV + TV + IRV (4700 mL)

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14
Q

What is inspiratory capacity?

A

maximum amount of air that can be inhaled after a normal tidal expiration. IC = TV + IRV (3500 mL)

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15
Q

What is functional residual capacity?

A

the amount of air remaining in lungs after a normal tidal expiration. FRC = RV + ERV (2500 mL)

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16
Q

What is total lung capacity?

A

maximum amount of air the lungs can contain.

TLC = RV + VC (6000 mL)

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17
Q

What does spirometry help to diagnose?

A

restrictive and obstructive lung disorders

18
Q

What are restrictive disorders?

A

Those that reduce pulmonary compliance or produce pulmonary fibrosis, such as black lung disease or tuberculosis.

19
Q

Clinically, what are restrictive disorders seen as?

A

A decrease in VC

20
Q

What causes Black lung disease?

A

particles cannot be removed, but macrophages continually attempt to engulf them, leading to chronic inflammation and fibrosis

21
Q

What are obstructive disorders?

A

Those that interfere with airflow by narrowing or blocking the airway.

22
Q

What do obstructive disorders cause?

A

difficulty inhaling or exhaling a given amount of air. Asthma, chronic bronchitis, emphysema (actually combines elements of restrictive and obstructive disorders)

23
Q

What is bronchial Asthma caused by?

A

bronchospasms and bronchoconstriction

24
Q

What are symptoms of bronchial asthma?

A

wheezing, coughing, tightness, shortness of breath, hard to inhale and exhale

25
Q

RX for bronchial asthma?

A

bronchodilators (beta2- adrenergic agonists)

26
Q

how is bronchial asthma diagnosed?

A

Low FEV1; microscopic Curschmann’s spirals in sputum (mucus plugs from ducts)

27
Q

What is Forced Expiratory Volume?

A

percentage of the vital capacity that can be exhaled in a given time interval

28
Q

What is a healthy adult FEV1 reading?

A

75% - 85% in 1 second

29
Q

What is peak flow?

A

max speed of expiration, measured by blowing into a handheld spirometer

30
Q

What is Eupnea?

A

Relaxed, quiet breathing

31
Q

What is Eupnea characterized by?

A

Tidal volume of 500 mL and the respiratory rate of 12-15 bpm

32
Q

What is Apnea?

A

temporary cessation of breathing

33
Q

What is dyspnea?

A

labored, gasping breathing; shortness of breath

34
Q

What is hyperpnea?

A

increased rate and depth of breathing in response to exercise, pain, or other conditions

35
Q

What is hyperventilation?

A

increased pulmonary ventilation in excess of metabolic demand

36
Q

What is hypoventilation?

A

reduced pulmonary ventilation leading to an increase in blood CO2 (= increased carbonic acid, decreased pH)

37
Q

What is Kussmaul respiration?

A

deep, rapid breathing often induced by acidosis (rare and severe)

38
Q

What is orthopnea?

A

dyspnea that occurs when person is lying down

39
Q

What is respiratory arrest?

A

permanent cessation of breathing

40
Q

What is tachypnea?

A

accelerated respiration

41
Q

what is the composition of air?

A

78.6% nitrogen
20.9% oxygen
0.04% carbon dioxide
minor gases argon, neon, helium, methane , and ozone
0-4% water vapor, depending on temperature and humidity (avg 0.5%)

A&P 303 (18 decks)

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