lab 9 and 10 Flashcards
process
a prominence or a projection ex) the styloid process
tuberosity
an elevation/ protruberance, especially on a bone where muscle is attached to. ex) deltoid tuberosity
tubercle
for attachment of a tendon ex) the greater tubercle of humerus
trochanter
body prominence develoed from independant osseous centers near proximal end of femur
condyle
rounded projection on a bone, usually for articulation with another bone ex) on femur
epicondyle
where humerous meets with ulna/radious
facet
A small place surface on a hard body ex) superior articular facet of vertebrae
crest
a projection/projecting structure ridge, especially surrounding a bone or its border ex) iliac crest
head
The anterior/ superior part of a structure organism
foramen
hole/opening in a bone between 2 body cavities. ex) transverse foremen in cervical vertebrae
what are sutures
sutures are immovable joints in the adult skull.
characteristics of cervical vertebrae
c1-c7 , c1= atlas (yes) c2= axis (no) presence of transverse foremen,
characteristics of thoracic vertebrae
t1-t12, long spinous process, articulate with ribs via facets for articulation with ribs, has inferior and superior articular facets***
characteristis for lumbar vertebrae
L1-L5, big boned for weight bearing, spinous processs isn’t long only has an inferior articular facet
what 3 bones make up the os coxa
illium, ischium, pubis
what bones form the bony pelvis
the coxae, sacrum and coccyx
what is the functional classification of of joints
the functional classification of joints is based on the amount of movement that can occur at the joint. 3 types: 1. immovable 2. slightly movable 3. freely movable
what is the structural classification of joints
the type of connective tissue that binds the articulating surfaces together and on the presence or absence of a joint cavity 3 types: fibrous, cartilaginous,synovial
characteristics of fibrous joints
-articulating bones are bound together by dense fibrous CT.
-permit little to no movement and are very strong.
-joint cavity is not present
2 types: sutures, sydesmoses
characteristics of sutures
-functionally classified as immovable ex) joint found between cranial and facial bones
syndesmoses
- amount of movement at this joint depends on the length of connecting fibers
ex) joint at the distal articulation between tibia and fibula (classified as immovable)
characteristics of cartiliginous joints
-articulating bones are bound by cartilage
-these joints lack a joint cavity and permit little or no movement
2 major divisions: synchondroses, symphesis
synchondroses characteristics
- articulating bones are connected by hyaline cartilage
- functionally classified as immovable
ex) joint formed by the coastal cartilages of rib #1
symphyses characteristics
- articulating bones are connected by fibrocartilage
- functionally classified as slightly movable joints
- ex) pubic symphysis
synovial joint characteristics
- freely movable joints
- articulating bones are separated by a fluid filled joint cavity
- synnovial joints are strengthened by bank- like ligaments composed of dense regular connective tissue. 6 types: plane joints, hinge joints, pivot joints, condyloid joints, saddle joints,ball and socket joints.
plane joints
- movement doesn’t occur around an axis, only allows slight movement
- ex) joints between carpal bones of the wrist
hinge joints
- movement occurs around a single axis, permits flexion and extension
ex) elbow joint
pivot joints
rounded surface of one bone fits into a ring-like portion of another bone.. permits rotation**
ex) joint between the head of he radius and the ulna
saddle joint
permits all angular moions
-ex) joint between the carpal and metacarpal bone of the thumb
ball and socket joint:
movement occurs in all axes and planes ex) shoulder joint
abduction
moving a limb away from medial line of body
adduction
moving a limb toward the medial line of body
flexion
bending movement that decreses the angle between articulating bones (think, when you flex your arm)
extension
bending movement that increases the angle between articulating bones
hyperextension
the continuation of extension beyond anatomical position
dorsiflexion
toes pointing up- flexed feet
plantar flexion
pointed toes
rotation
movement of a bone around its own longitudinal axis without lateral displacement of the body part
circumduction
movement where one end of a limb remains relatively stationary while the distal end of the limb moves in a circle
pronation
movement of the had from palm UP to palm DOWN
supination
movement of the hand from palm DOWN to palm UP
bursitis
painful condition that affects bursae (fluid filled sacs) that cushion bones/tendons/muscles near joints
tendonitis
inflammation of the tendons
arthritis
painful inflammation/stiffness of the joints
define origin
bony site of attachment at stationary end of bone
define insertion
attachment site on bone which moves
define agonist
muscle whose contraction is primarily responsible for producing an action
define antagonist
the muscle that stretches in response to the agonist
fixator
stabilizes the origin of the prime mover so that the prime mover can act more efficiently
condyloid joints
ex) joint between the radius and carpal bones
