lab 12 Flashcards
function of blood
transports and removes substances from the body tissues
- transport media for O2, CO2, nutrients hormones and wastes
what are the 5 main types of vessels blood travels in
arteries, arterioles, capillaries, venules and veins
define cardiovascular system
refers only to the heart and blood vessels
about blood
- special type of connective tissue
- contains cells, ground substance and protein fibers
purpose for circulating blood
-helps maintain homeostasis by regulating pH, adjusting body temp and maintaining osmotic pressure of cells
what is the average volume of blood?
for adult men, adult volume of blood is 5-6L.
for women, adult volume of blood is 4-5L
what are the 2 components of blood?
- formed elements (cells and fragments) ex) RBC, WBC, plateletes
- plasma
about RBC (erythrocytes)
male: 4.7-6.1 million/mm3
females: 4.2-5.4 million/mm3
contain the oxygen carrying pigment called hemoglobin
non-nucleated
lots of RBC
about WBC (leukocytes)
they contain a nucleus, less of them..
2 major groups:
1) granulocytes- large number of granules (neutrophils, eusinophils and basophils)
2) agranulocytes- no grannules (lymphocytes and monocytes)
about neutrophils
-make 50-70% of leukocyte population
-phagocytic function in the destruction of pathogenic organisms and other foreign material
size 10-12 um
(type of granuloyte)
about eosinophils
-make 2-4% of leukocyte population
-10-12 um
-play a role in the response of allergic reactions
-defense against multicellular parasites
(type of granulocyte)
basinophils
form 0.5-1% of leukocyte population
- inlvolved in allergic responses releasing heparin and histamine to enhance the inflammatory response
-8-10 um
(type of granulocyte)
lymphocytes
most numerous of the agranular leukocytes forming 25-40% of leukocyte population
-produce antibodies and other agents involved in the immune process
monocytes
largest of WBC
compose 3-8% leukocyte population
18 um
-phagocytic function, and have pseudopodia
about plateletes
150,000 to 400,000 mm3
- disc shaped
- 2-4 um
- help stop blood loss from damaged vessels by forming a platelet plug and promotes blood clotting
what is leukemia
refers to a group of cancerous conditions characterized by an uncontrollable proliferation of leukocytes
-in all leukemias, bone marrow is occupied by cancerous leukocytes so other cell types are not formed
what condition has a high neutrophil percentage
high neutrophil percentage can indicate bacterial infections or poisons
- a low neutrophil percentage may be caused by a toxic reaction to certain drugs
define hemocrit
the percentage of total blood volume occupied by RBC
- this value is 45%
- for males, the value is 42-52%
- for females, 37-47%
normal hemoglobin amounts
- hemoglobin concentration at birth ranges from 14-20 grams/100 ml of blood
- females: 12-16 g/100ml
- males: 13-18 g/100ml
hemoglobinometer
instrument which compares a hemolyzed sample of blood with a colour standard by moving a slide on the side of the hemoglobinometer back and fourth until the 2 halves of the green field match
what does the term RH positive mean?
something will be RH positive if agglutination occurs in here. This means that there is a presence of antigen D.
define anemia
decreased amount of hemoglobin in the blood
- hematocrit and hemoglobin evaluations are the most important tests for diagnosing anemia
define polycythemia
condition characterized by an above normal RBC count
- due to living in high altitudes
hemacytometer
used to count RBC and WBC
-on the 4 corner squares with “w”s, count the WBC
in the middle square with the “R’s in all corners plus middle part, count RBC
normal WBC count
in healthy individuals, a WBC count should be around 4,800-10,800
- a WBC count over 10,800 is called leukocytosis
- A WBC count less than 4,800 is called leukopenia
What does blood clotting do?
What is clotting time
Blood clotting prevents blood loss when you are injured
Clotting time is the time required for blood to clot when it’s removed from the body
What do arteries do?
Arteries conduct blood away from the heart
Thick walled cells containing many elastic fibers and smooth muscle cells
What do veins do?
Veins conduct blood towards the heart
- function against gravity
- presence of valves to prevent back flow
- walls of veins are thinner and contain fewer smooth muscle cells
What are capillaries?
They connect arteries and veins
Exchange of materials between the circulatory system and the tissues only occurred through the capillaries
Why is the myocardium of the left ventricle thicker then the right?
Because left pumps around the body, right ventricle just pumps to the lungs (it has less work)
Function of aorta
Artery that carries oxygenated blood from left ventricle into systemic circulation
Superior vena cava
Large vein that delivers deoxygenated blood from head neck and arms to the right atrium
Inferior vena cava
Large vein that carries deoxygenated blood from lower body to the right strium
Pulmonary veins
Carry oxygenated blood from lungs to left atrium of the heart
Pulmonary circulation
Composed of arteries and veins that transport blood from the heart to the lungs and back to the heart
-begins at the r ventricle and ends at the left atrium
Systemic circulation
Transports oxygenated blood to all other parts not in pulmonary circuit and returns deoxygenated blood to the heart
-begins at left ventricle and ends at right atrium
