lab 12

Question 1

function of blood

Answer 1

transports and removes substances from the body tissues

- transport media for O2, CO2, nutrients hormones and wastes

Question 2

what are the 5 main types of vessels blood travels in

Answer 2

arteries, arterioles, capillaries, venules and veins

Question 3

define cardiovascular system

Answer 3

refers only to the heart and blood vessels

Question 4

about blood

Answer 4

• special type of connective tissue

- contains cells, ground substance and protein fibers

Question 5

purpose for circulating blood

Answer 5

-helps maintain homeostasis by regulating pH, adjusting body temp and maintaining osmotic pressure of cells

Question 6

what is the average volume of blood?

Answer 6

for adult men, adult volume of blood is 5-6L.

for women, adult volume of blood is 4-5L

Question 7

what are the 2 components of blood?

Answer 7

1. formed elements (cells and fragments) ex) RBC, WBC, plateletes
2. plasma

Question 8

about RBC (erythrocytes)

Answer 8

male: 4.7-6.1 million/mm3
females: 4.2-5.4 million/mm3
contain the oxygen carrying pigment called hemoglobin
non-nucleated
lots of RBC

Question 9

about WBC (leukocytes)

Answer 9

they contain a nucleus, less of them..
2 major groups:
1) granulocytes- large number of granules (neutrophils, eusinophils and basophils)
2) agranulocytes- no grannules (lymphocytes and monocytes)

Question 10

about neutrophils

Answer 10

-make 50-70% of leukocyte population
-phagocytic function in the destruction of pathogenic organisms and other foreign material
size 10-12 um
(type of granuloyte)

Question 11

about eosinophils

Answer 11

-make 2-4% of leukocyte population
-10-12 um
-play a role in the response of allergic reactions
-defense against multicellular parasites
(type of granulocyte)

Question 12

basinophils

Answer 12

form 0.5-1% of leukocyte population
- inlvolved in allergic responses releasing heparin and histamine to enhance the inflammatory response
-8-10 um
(type of granulocyte)

Question 13

lymphocytes

Answer 13

most numerous of the agranular leukocytes forming 25-40% of leukocyte population
-produce antibodies and other agents involved in the immune process

Question 14

monocytes

Answer 14

largest of WBC
compose 3-8% leukocyte population
18 um
-phagocytic function, and have pseudopodia

Question 15

about plateletes

Answer 15

150,000 to 400,000 mm3

• disc shaped
• 2-4 um
• help stop blood loss from damaged vessels by forming a platelet plug and promotes blood clotting

Question 16

what is leukemia

Answer 16

refers to a group of cancerous conditions characterized by an uncontrollable proliferation of leukocytes
-in all leukemias, bone marrow is occupied by cancerous leukocytes so other cell types are not formed

Question 17

what condition has a high neutrophil percentage

Answer 17

high neutrophil percentage can indicate bacterial infections or poisons
- a low neutrophil percentage may be caused by a toxic reaction to certain drugs

Question 18

define hemocrit

Answer 18

the percentage of total blood volume occupied by RBC

• this value is 45%
• for males, the value is 42-52%
• for females, 37-47%

Question 19

normal hemoglobin amounts

Answer 19

• hemoglobin concentration at birth ranges from 14-20 grams/100 ml of blood
• females: 12-16 g/100ml
• males: 13-18 g/100ml

Question 20

hemoglobinometer

Answer 20

instrument which compares a hemolyzed sample of blood with a colour standard by moving a slide on the side of the hemoglobinometer back and fourth until the 2 halves of the green field match

Question 21

what does the term RH positive mean?

Answer 21

something will be RH positive if agglutination occurs in here. This means that there is a presence of antigen D.

Question 22

define anemia

Answer 22

decreased amount of hemoglobin in the blood

- hematocrit and hemoglobin evaluations are the most important tests for diagnosing anemia

Question 23

define polycythemia

Answer 23

condition characterized by an above normal RBC count

- due to living in high altitudes

Question 24

hemacytometer

Answer 24

used to count RBC and WBC
-on the 4 corner squares with “w”s, count the WBC
in the middle square with the “R’s in all corners plus middle part, count RBC

Question 25

normal WBC count

Answer 25

in healthy individuals, a WBC count should be around 4,800-10,800

• a WBC count over 10,800 is called leukocytosis
• A WBC count less than 4,800 is called leukopenia

Question 26

What does blood clotting do?

What is clotting time

Answer 26

Blood clotting prevents blood loss when you are injured

Clotting time is the time required for blood to clot when it’s removed from the body

Question 27

What do arteries do?

Answer 27

Arteries conduct blood away from the heart

Thick walled cells containing many elastic fibers and smooth muscle cells

Question 28

What do veins do?

Answer 28

Veins conduct blood towards the heart

• function against gravity
• presence of valves to prevent back flow
• walls of veins are thinner and contain fewer smooth muscle cells

Question 29

What are capillaries?

Answer 29

They connect arteries and veins

Exchange of materials between the circulatory system and the tissues only occurred through the capillaries

Question 30

Why is the myocardium of the left ventricle thicker then the right?

Answer 30

Because left pumps around the body, right ventricle just pumps to the lungs (it has less work)

Question 31

Function of aorta

Answer 31

Artery that carries oxygenated blood from left ventricle into systemic circulation

Question 32

Superior vena cava

Answer 32

Large vein that delivers deoxygenated blood from head neck and arms to the right atrium

Question 33

Inferior vena cava

Answer 33

Large vein that carries deoxygenated blood from lower body to the right strium

Question 34

Pulmonary veins

Answer 34

Carry oxygenated blood from lungs to left atrium of the heart

Question 35

Pulmonary circulation

Answer 35

Composed of arteries and veins that transport blood from the heart to the lungs and back to the heart
-begins at the r ventricle and ends at the left atrium

Question 36

Systemic circulation

Answer 36

Transports oxygenated blood to all other parts not in pulmonary circuit and returns deoxygenated blood to the heart
-begins at left ventricle and ends at right atrium