Lab 7

Question 1

What is obesity

Answer 1

complex multifactorial disease involving the interaction of physiological, metabolic, genetic, social, cultural, behavioral factors

Question 2

Explain what body composition refers to

Answer 2

the makeup of the body – valuable to health and exercise science professionals

• risk assessment, individualization of exercise prescriptions and interventional progress

Question 3

what is anthropometry

Answer 3

measure of the body

Question 4

what does anthropometry measure

Answer 4

measure: body weight, height, and waist circumference

Question 5

How is BMI calculated

Answer 5

calculated as weight (kg) / height (m^2)
* measure of ratio of body weight to height

Question 6

What is one problem associated with BMI

Answer 6

no way to determine composition of the weight

Question 7

Is BMI an adeqate measurement of disease risk

Answer 7

NO not an adequate measurement of disease risk for some individuals (ie. weight training individuals)

Question 8

What is the importance of waist circumference in measuring central obesity

Answer 8

• extremely valuable
• fat located in absominal region (viceral fat) associated with greater health risk than peripheral fat == independent risk preictor when BMI is not markedly increased

Question 9

should waist circumference be utilized for assessment of obesity

Answer 9

YES

Question 10

Is there a direct in vivo method to measure the different components of the body

Answer 10

NO direct in vivo method

Question 11

What are the indirect or doubly indirect methods to determine body composiiton

Answer 11

indirect method: derived from direct methods involving cadavers
doubly indirect methods: derived from indirect methods

Question 12

as methods become fruther away from the direct method what happens to the error in the estimate

Answer 12

greater error in the estimate

Question 13

What are generalizable equations

Answer 13

developed from diverse heterogenous samples –> account for differences in age, gender, race/ethnicity…

Question 14

What is the Siri equation used for

Answer 14

predict percent body fat – generalizable equation

Question 15

What is the equation for body fat (%)

Answer 15

(495/body density) - 450

Question 16

what is a skinfold measurement

Answer 16

using skinfold caliper – assess % body fat with standard error estimate (SEE) of 3.5%

Question 17

Skinfold measurements are based on what two primary assumptions

Answer 17

1. subcutaneous fat is directly proportional to total fat
2. skinfold sites selected are representative of total body subcutaneous fat

Question 18

What are the major limitations of the skinfold analysis

Answer 18

technician training, applicability of equations to individual being tested , skinfold site measurement accuracy, measurement technique

SEE = 3.5%

Question 19

What is a bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA)

Answer 19

simple inexpensive technique for measureing body composition

• based on principle that electrical current flows at different rates through the body depending on its compositions
• water ions = electrical current fow
• fat = no electrical flow
• body fat causes greater resistance than fat free mass

Question 20

What is A DEXA scan

Answer 20

Dual energy x-ray absorptiometry = utilize X-ray to scan and quantify parameters of body composiition

• differentiate body wight into 3 components
  1. lean soft tissue, fat soft tissue, and bone

Can measure not only subcutaneous, and visceral, retroperitoneal, and intramuscular fat

SE = +/- 1.8%

Question 21

What is a t-score

Answer 21

compares bone density to the average bone density of young healthy adults of the same sex

Question 22

What is a z-score

Answer 22

compares bone density to the average bone density of someone your same age, sex, race/ethnicity

Question 23

are there accepted standards for body fat

Answer 23

NO Standards accepted for percent body fat –> all methods of measurement and include error

Question 24

What is accuracy

Answer 24

how close a measured value is to the true value

Question 25

What is precision

Answer 25

represents how close measured values are to each other

Question 26

What is bias

Answer 26

represents whether there are systematic differences between measured and true values

Question 27

What is the athlete triad

Answer 27

three interrelated conditions that includes
1. low energy availability (w/ or w/o disordered eating
2. functional hypothalamic amnorrhea (females), hypogonadotropic hypogonadism (males)
3. osteoporosis

Question 28

what is energy availablility

Answer 28

(dietary intake - exercise energy expenditure) / fat free mass (FFM)

Question 29

what is the exception from the athlete triad

Answer 29

male athletes with leanness –> present with bone stress inuries may also exhibit concurrent nutritional, endocrine, and/or bone health concerns

Question 30

what is BMI and waist circumference indicative of

Answer 30

BMI = body size

Waist circumference = body fatness

Question 31

What are the five things that BMI does/able to predict

Answer 31

• not used to predict body fat %
• used to classify body sizes
• predict risk of disease
• BMI > 30 associated with health problems
• MBI b/t 25-34.9 usually need more info

Question 32

What is android vs gynoid

Answer 32

• gynoid = GYN –> hips down
• android = abdomen = greater health risk

Question 33

What is direct body composition assessments

Answer 33

Chemical analysis of a cadaver

Question 34

What is indirect body composition assessments

Answer 34

derived from direct method

dual energy x-ray absorptiometry (DEXA)

Question 35

What is doubly indirect body composition assessments

Answer 35

skinfold method and bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA)

Question 36

what is bone mineral density (BMD) associated with

Answer 36

associated w/ load bearing capacity of hip and spine to reduce risk of fracture

Question 37

what are the osteoporosis risk factors

Answer 37

ACCESS

1. alcohol use
2. corticosteroid use
3. calcium low
4. estrogen low
5. smoking
6. **sedentary lifestyle **