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Exercise Physiology Lab > Lab 2 > Flashcards

Lab 2 Flashcards

1
Q

What is metabolism

A

all energy transformations that occur in the human body: cellular, chemical, mechanical

Nutrients + O2 –> ATP + heat
ATP –> cell work + heat

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2
Q

What do all energy transformations in the body produce

A

HEAT

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3
Q

The rate of heat production is proportional to what

A

metabolic rate

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4
Q

What are the two types of calorimetry

A

direct and indirect

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5
Q

if you use indirect calorimetry with O2 consumption what two types could it be

A

open circut or closed circut

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6
Q

What are the two ways to measure energy expenditure

A
  1. Direct Calorimetry: directly measures heat loss
  2. Indirect calorimetry: measures O2 consumption
    • valid as measure of EE only when energy comes from oxidative pathway
    • Nutrients + O2 –> heat + CO2 + H2O
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7
Q

What is VO2

A

RATE of oxygen consumption

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8
Q

VO2 is proportional to what

A

energy expenditure (EE) = during predominately aerobic tasks

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9
Q

1 L O2 = how many kcal

A

5kcal

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10
Q

an increased work rate requires a higher or lower rate of energy expenditure

A

higher

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11
Q

What is gross efficiency

A

mechanical power / metabolic power

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12
Q

Why is the human machine not 100% efficient

A

b/c energy is lost as HEAT

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13
Q

Gross efficiency varies with what 4 things

A
  1. work rate
  2. cadence
  3. fiber type
  4. contraction type
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14
Q

energy intake affects/does not affect energy expenditure and vice versa

A

affects

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15
Q

The rate of change of energy stores = what?

A

rate of change of energy intake - rate of change of energy expenditure

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16
Q

What is total daily energy expenditure (TDEE)

A

BMR + EAT + NEAT + TEF

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17
Q

What factors affect basal metabolic rate

A

fat-free mass (BMR is proportional)
Age
Sex (lower in females)
body fatness (BMR decrease 0.01kcal/min with every 1% increase in body fat)
genetics
caloric restriction/starvation
exercise

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18
Q

What is the metabolic equivalent (MET)

A

RMR is about 3.5 mL/kg/min
MET is unite that represents multiples of resting metabolic rate
1 MET = 3.5 mL/kg/min
if someone is working out at VO2 of 10.5mL/kg/min they are exercising at 3 METS

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19
Q

how to calculate VO2in open circut spirometry

A

VO2 = (volume of inspired O2 - volume of expired O2) per minute

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20
Q

how can energy expenditure be calculated for any VO2

A

1 L O2 == 5kcal

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21
Q

What are catabolic reactions

A

those that yield energy

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22
Q

What are anabolic reactions

A

those that require energy input

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23
Q

second law of thermodynamics

A

two isolated systems in contact with each other – differ in any way (temperature, density, pressure) will equalize if given the oportunity

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24
Q

When humans transform energy to do work what happens

A

heat is released

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25
Q

the rate of heat loss is measured how

A

measured as a reflection of the metablolic rate of an organism

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26
Q

metabolic rate is measured via what

A

direct or indirect calorimetry

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27
Q

metabolic rate measurement by direct calorimetry involves what

A

quantifying heat produced by resting or exercising being

28
Q

calorie is what

A

heat required to raise the temperature of 1 g of water 1 degree Celcius

29
Q

What do you need to know to measure metabolic rate using direct calorimetry

A

heat of water (1cal/degree/g), mass of water in jacket (g), heat loss (C) from subject to wall

30
Q

is direct calorimetry for what type of metabolism

A

both aerobic and anerobic metabolism

31
Q

When metabolism is predominately aerobic, the measurement of oxygen uptake can be used to do what

A

indirectly determine metabolic rate

32
Q

determination of metabolic rate from oxygen uptake is termed what

A

indirect calorimetry

33
Q

aerobic metabolism utilizes what 3 different substrates

A

carbohydrates
fats
proteins
all product ATP
- depending on substrate used relation between O2 consumption and E will vary

34
Q

caloric expenditure of exercise is what

A

5kcal/L O2

35
Q

What are the two types of spirometry used in indirect calorimetry

A

open or closed circut spirometry

36
Q

Open circut spirometry determines what

A

rate of oxygen uptake (VO2) by subtracting amount of inspired oxygen (VIO2) - oxygen expired (VEO2)

37
Q

What is the formula for VO2 (L/min)

A

VIO2(L/min) - VE(STPD)O2(L/min)

38
Q

What is the formula for VO2 (L/min)

A

VIO2(L/min) - VE(STPD)O2(L/min)

39
Q

Wha is the formula for VIO2

A

(VI)(FIO2)

40
Q

What is VE(STPD)O2

A

(VE(STPD))(FEO2)

41
Q

how does a douglas bag technique

A

2 way valve (Daniels valve) – atmospheric air and removal of expired air

42
Q

What is collected into the douglas bags

A

volume of expired air –> determine concentration of fractional expired O2 and CO2 using gas machine PARVO

43
Q

why dont oxygen and carbon dioxide fractions in inspired air need to be measured

A

they are a constant

44
Q

How do you determine the rate of oxygen consumption – what parameters must be measured

A

volume of expired air (VE) – pulmonary ventilation (L/min)
fraction of expired oxygen (FEO2)
fraction of expired carbon dioxide (FECO2)
room temperature
barometric pressure

45
Q

What is the constant for FIN2

A

0.7904

46
Q

What is the constant for FIO2

A

0.2093

47
Q

What is the constant for FICO2

A

0.0003

48
Q

what is expired minute ventilation

A

measured as come out of mouth
saturated water vapor and at ambient temp and pressure

49
Q

all expired minute ventilations collected in Douglass Bag corrected how

A

corrected to dry gas at standard temp and pressure using correction factor

VE(STPD)= VE(ATPS) x STPD correction factor

50
Q

What is the equation for the STPD correction factor

A

= (273/273 + T(Celcius))(Pb-PH20/760)

51
Q

What is gross mechanical efficiency (ME)

A

ratio of mechanical power (mechanical work rate) to metabolic power (rate of energy expenditure required to maintian specific mechanical work rate)

52
Q

What are normal values for gross mechanical efficiency in humans

A

0-30% depending on intensity, exercise modality, contraction type, muscle fiber type

53
Q

what is the main component of total daily energy expenditure (TDEE)

A

basal metabolic rate (BMR)

54
Q

what is BMR responsible for

A

energy utilized to sustain all cellular, chemical, and mechanical work at rest (60-70% of TDEE)

55
Q

what is thermic effect of food (TEF)

A

energy cost for digestion of food and absorption of nutrients – about 10% of TDEE

56
Q

What is total daily activity thermogenesis (TDAT) broken down into

A

exercise activity thermogenesis (EAT)
non-exercise activity thermogenesis (NEAT)
thermic effect of food (TEF)

57
Q

what is EAT

A

energy expenditure associated with sport specific exercising

58
Q

what is NEAT

A

energy cost of all other forms of physical activity

59
Q

when does energy balance occur

A

when energy intake = energy expenditure

rate of change of energy stores = rate of change of energy intake - rate of change of energy expenditure

60
Q

What happens to the graph as an individual eventually reaches steady state

A

there is an O2 deficit == anerobic

61
Q

what is the equation for STPD correction factor

A

(273/273+T(degree C)(Pb-PH2O/760)

62
Q

What two conditions must be met during exercise for indirect calorimetry to reflect metabolic rate most accurately

A

1) must be primarily aerobic metabolism
2) must be at steady state

63
Q

A man weighing 176 lbs runs at a pace of 9 min/mile. His VO2 at this pace is 39 mL/kg*min. If this man exercised at this intensity for 30 minutes each session, how many sessions would it take him to expend the equivalent of 12 lbs. Assume that 1 L O2 = 5kcal and 1lb = 3500 kcal

A

sessions = 90 (rounded)

64
Q

if an individual were trying to lose weight it would be more advantageous to have a higher or lower gross efficiency

A

lower gross efficiency because you will burn more calories being less efficient with performing the same movement

65
Q

What is the procedure during this lab

A
  • run 3 conditions: rest, treadmil, ergometer
  • VO2 measured during rest between 6-7 min and then exercising between 6-7 and 7-8 minute
66
Q
A

Exercise Physiology Lab (12 decks)

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