Lab 6 Flashcards
how do plants cope with losing mositure
- waxy coating called cuticle to retain water
- pores for gas exchange called stomata
- protective jackets called gametangia
what is special about the plant life cycle
alternation of generation between sporophyte generation and gametophyte generation
sporophyte generation
multicellular diploid 2n sporophyte
gametophyte generation
multicellular haploid gametophyte
what does the reproduction of many land plants involve
- flagellated sperm that must swim to egg through film of water
- zygote is held within female layer of sterile jacket cells that protect embryo
what are the two groups plantae kingdom divided into
- vascular- conductive tissue transporting water and minerals in the xylem and sugars in the phloem
- nonvascular
what are the nonvascular plants
Bryophyta- mosses
Hepatophyta- liverworts
Anthocerophyta- hornwarts
what is the benefit of vascular plants
can grow tall and support specialization of organs such as roots, stems, and leaves
what is the problem with nonvascular plants
are small because there is no way for water to move deep in the soil to the leaves
innovation of seed importance
contains embryo with its food supply encased in seed coat
plants without seeds
- lycophyta= club mosses
- pterophyta= ferns
- sphenophyta= horsetails
- psilophyta= whisk ferns
plants with seeds that are not encased
- coniferophyta= conifers
- cycadophyta= cycads
- ginkgophyta= ginkgo
- gnetophyta= gnetophytes
plants with seeds encased in fruit
anthophyta= angiosperms
- eudicots: two seed leaves
- monocots: one seed leaf
what generation is dominant in bryophytes
gametophyte
bryophytes
- lack vascular tissue
- sporophyte dependent upon gametophyte for nutrients
- do not produce flowers or seeds
what are the limits of bryophytes
- cannot grow large in size bc of no supporting tissue
- must live in damp places bc roots cannot penetrate deep enough
- photosynthetic parts are above ground and monosynthetic parts are below ground must be close together
antheridia
male gametophyte and contains sperm
archegonia
female gametophyte and contains eggs
sporangium
structure that produces and contains spores
what do spores germinate into in the bryophytes
protonema
what process produces the sperm in bryophytes
mitosis
what process produces the egg in bryophytes
mitosis
what process produces the spores in bryophytes
meiosis
what is the ploidy of a spore
haploid
what phase of moss life cycle consists of a leafy plant
sporophyte
xylem job
transport water and nutrients
phloem
transports sugars
in ferns which is the dominant generation
sporophyte
megaphylls
large leaf
microphylls
tiny leaf
what do sporophylls bear
sporangia in which the spores are produced
sori
- brown or color spots under surface of fern
how do ferns spread their spores far away
dried out cells shrinks the cells and the spores are flung away
what do ferns rely on for reproduction
thin filaments of water
what process produces spores in ferns
meiosis
what process produces sperm in ferns
mitosis
what process produces eggs in ferns
mitosis
what structure does fertilization take place in
archegonium
what make up the seed plants
gymnosperms (naked) and angiosperms (flowering)
pollen grains
immature male gametophytes
what do gymnosperms and angiosperms have that supports the stem of the plant
woody tissue
what do angiosperms have that gymnosperms dont have in their seeds
- endosperm
- 3n
are gymnosperms of seed plant encased in a fruit
no
sporophylls
bear reproductive structures
sporophyll on male cone gymnosperm (pine)
- bears pollen sac
- male sporangium where meiosis takes place
what does meiosis result in male sporangium of gymnosperm (pine)
four male spores which each develop a male gametophyte
what is the process of pollination
pollen grains are released from male pollen cone and reach the scales of female cones
what occurs after pollination in gymnosperm (pine)
pollen tube begins to grow toward egg of female gameophyte
what does each sporophyll of each female cone have
female sporangium
- meiosis followed by mitosis gives rise to female gametophyte
what generation is the female cone in gymnosperm (pine)
sporophyte
what process is used to produce an egg in gymnosperm (pine)
meiosis followed by mitosis
what sex is the anther
male
what generation is the anther
sporophyte
what generation are the pollen grains
gametophyte
what is the ploidy of the anther
diploid
what is the ploidy of the pollen grains
haploid
what generation is the ovary
sporophyte
what is the ploidy of the ovary tissue in gymnosperm (pine)
diploid
what generation is the embryo of gymnosperm (pine)
sporophyte
what is the ploidy of embryo sac in gymnosperm (pine)
haploid
what parts of the flower are male
anther, filament
what parts of the flower are female
stigma, style, ovaryo
what parts of the flower contains pollen
antherf
