Lab 3

Question 1

monophyletic group

Answer 1

• clade
• ancestral population and all of its descendants

Question 2

node

Answer 2

where 2 lines intersect
- point of intersection
- this is what you count

Question 3

macroevolution

Answer 3

evolution above the species level

Question 4

adaptative radiation

Answer 4

single ancestral species rapidly diversifies into multiple new species

Question 5

niche

Answer 5

defined as function role within an ecological community and includes all aspects pf a species related to survival and reproduction

Question 6

what are some aspects of a niche

Answer 6

• habitat and climate characteristics
• food and shelter requirements
• how species interacts with each other and species in the community

Question 7

resource partitioning

Answer 7

process in which a population reduce or avoid competition with others by shifting their resource use

Question 8

what is the result of resource partitioning

Answer 8

groups that specialize on a particular ecological niche

Question 9

what do the different niches drive

Answer 9

exert different selection pressures that drive evolution in different directions

Question 10

what do most systematics use what to draw conclusions about ancestry

Answer 10

general morphology

Question 11

cladistics

Answer 11

method to reconstruct the probable evolutionary pathway of a group of organisms

Question 12

clades

Answer 12

groups of organisms that all share a common ancestor

Question 13

what is a phylogenetic tree

Answer 13

representation of the evolutionary history of groups of individuals

Question 14

how is time represented in phylogenetic trees

Answer 14

vertically

Question 15

what does each line of a phylogenetic tree represent

Answer 15

a lineage

Question 16

character states

Answer 16

particular variations in each character

Question 17

ancestral traits

Answer 17

character in question is present in the most ancestral member of the group

Question 18

derived character

Answer 18

trait that has changed from the ancestral condition

Question 19

plesiomorphic

Answer 19

another term for ancestral character (1 taxa)

Question 20

apomorphy

Answer 20

another term for derived traits (1 taxa)

Question 21

synapomorphy

Answer 21

derived trait (several taxa in group)

Question 22

sympleiosmorphy

Answer 22

ancestral trait (several taxa in a group)

Question 23

parsimony

Answer 23

simplest tree

Question 24

convergence

Answer 24

same character state can evolve separately

Question 25

reversal

Answer 25

sometimes derived character state can revert back to ancestral condition

Question 26

polytomy

Answer 26

tree with three or more taxa emerging from single node
- relationship among these taxa is known

Question 27

outgroup

Answer 27

species or group of species that are closely related to organisms you are classifying but not directly related

Question 28

paraphyletic group

Answer 28

group of species that includes an ancestral species but not all of its descendants
- exclude a taxa
- man made
- make group that makes sense based on characteristics

Question 29

if you expand or change monophyletic group, what happens to shared and ancestral traits

Answer 29

they can change
- relative to group you are talking about

Question 30

no currently living population is

Answer 30

an ancestor of another currently living population