Lab 5: vertebrate dissection part 2 Flashcards
After removing specimens from pail and opening internal cavities, you should
rinse
Blood is pumped away from the heart through vessels of decreasing diameter:
arteries, arterioles, capillaries
Capillary walls are…
thin and porous
In capillaries, materials are ____ across the endothelium ___ into the interstitial fluid across a concentration gradient
actively transported
simply diffues
When the blood leaves capillaries, it travels through ____
venules and veins
Unlike vertebrates, birds and mammals posess a ____ chambered heart
four
The evolution of the four chambered heart is an adaptation brought about by
the high metabolic demands of warm-blooded animals (endotherms)
Endotherms expend roughly ___ times the amount of energy compared to ectotherms
ten
pulmonary circulation ____ while systemic ___
blood to the lungs
pumps blood to the rest of the body
describe overall scheme of pulmonary and systemic circuits
vena cava–right atrium–tricuspid–right ventricle–pulmonary valve–R and L pulmonary arteries–lungs–R and L pulmonary veins—left atrium—bicuspid valve—left ventricle—aortic valve–aorta
The___ is the largest artery in the mammalian body
aorta
Coronary arteries supply
the heart with oxygenated blood
Metabolic activities in the body cells use oxygen supplied by ____ to produce CO2
arteries
In mammals, CO2 diffuses through ___ into ____ and is expelled from ___
capillary bed walls
alveolar spaces
the lungs
The liver can eliminate wastes in the form of
bile pigments
Certain salts, metal ions, and fats can be eliminated through the
alimentary gastrointestinal tract
The ureters are
the tubes that drain each kidney
the urinary bladder is
a muscular sac that temporarily stores waste
the urethra is
a tube that passes waste out of the body
The functions of the urinary system include
elimination of physiological waste, osmoregulation, BP, pH, and nutrient conservation
Above the right atrium, the vena cava splits right and left into two main branches called
the brachiocephalic veins
One of the brachiocephalic veins bifurcates into ___ while the other
the major vessels of the chest and forelegs, the subclavian and brachial veins
bifurcates an travels into the neck forming in/external jugular veins
The right subclavian artery subdivides to supply blood to
the right thorax, neck, and forelimb
The left subclavian artery subdivides into the
left thorax, neck, and forelimb
the pulmonary trunk is… it is located
a vessel equal in size that branches into the left and right pulmonary arteries
leaves the right ventricle and parallels the aorta
The aorta and posterior vena cava are cushioned in a layer of fat covered by the .. they lie outside all visceral organs except the___
parietal peritoneum
except the excretory organs
The first large artery to branch from the aorta after it passes the diaphragm is the
celiac trunk
the celiac trunk branches to supply blood to the
stomach, liver, gallbladder, pancreas, and spleen
The anterior mesenteric artery supplies blood to the
large and small intestine
The renal arteries supply blood to the kidneys through a pair of
lateral branches from the aorta
The posterior mesenteric artery supplies blood to
the rest of the alrhe intestine
In the adult, the aorta terminates by forming three vessels, which are
the two common iliac arteries (hindlimbs) and sacral (tail)
In the fetal pig, two large umbilical arteries branch from the
terminus of the aorta
The femoral, iliac, sacral, right genital, renal, and adrenolumbar veins are ____ to their corresponding arteries
parallel
The blood that leaves the gastrointestinal tract enters the vena cava through
the hepatic portal system
In pigs, blood leaving splenic and stomach capillaries eventually makes its way into the
gastrosplenic vein
Blood leaving the small and alrge intestine empties into the
anterior and posterior mesenteric veins
The mesenteric vein joins with the gastrosplenic vein to form the… which carries blood to the liber
hepatic portal veins
In the liver, the hepatic portal vein branches out with smaller vessels that bring blood to the
sinusoids
Each unit of the liver (___) also receives blood from hepatic arteries and contain small branches of the )))
lobule
bile duct
The liver cells (___)absorb materials carried in the blood’s plasma and secrete substances carried by the sinusoids to veins which are centered in each ____
hepatocytes
lobule
The hepatic vein empties into the ____ just before the diaphragm
posterior vena cava
The blood brought by the arteries to the gastrointestinal tract flows through ____, which are brought in by___ before returning to the heart. This is called a
two capillary beds
one in digestive and one in liver
portal system
The adrenal gland is composed of
an outer region of endocrine cells (cortex)
and an inner region of cells (medulla)
The cortex secretes roughly ___ different hormones and the medulla secretes
twenty
epi and norepi in response to autonomic NS
The medulla is responsible for the ___ response
fight or flight
How is the fetal pig bladder different than most adult mammals?
in most adult mammals, the bladder is a hollow muscular sac
in the fetal pig, the allantonic bladder is a long tapered sac that extends between the umbilical arteries
In the fetus, the allantonic stalk removes urine from the bladder and caries it to the
placenta
In female pigs, the urethra empties into the___ that leads to the___
urogenital sinus
genital papilla
The normal development of spermatozoa requires a temperature ___ than the trunk of the body
lower
The epididymis is
the start of the reproductive tract in males. A tightly coiled vessel bound to the testis. Damaged sperm are enzymitically digested by the epididymis
The seminal vesicles secrete __% of the fluid found in the male ejaculate
60
Inactive sperm become mobile when
mixed with seminal secretions
The prostate secretes an acidic, milky fluid in the urethra that contains
anticoagulants, citrate, and an antibiotic
bulbourethral/cowper’s glands lie ___ to the prostate. They secrete a clear pre-ejaculate mucus that
posterior
lubricates the urethra and neutralizes any acidic urine
The preputial orifice is
the external urethral opening
oogenesis is
the process of producing ova in the ovaries
The ova released from the ovary are picked up by___ of the
fimbriae
uterine tube/oviduct
Pigs have __ uteri
two
Each uterine horn receives
developing zygotes
The blastocyst is embedded in the ____ and nourished by it
endometrium
