Lab 4 IDs and Terminology Flashcards
Astigmatism
Uneven curvature of the cornea or lens leading to difference in refraction of light rays in the horizontal and vertical planes
Nystagmus
Weakness of the extrinsic eye muscles, preventing the eyes from continuous focuses on an object on the fovea centralis. Determined by back and forth movement of the eyes!
Pupillary Reflex
To allow for the correct amount of light into the eye, the radial and circular muscles of the iris contract to adjust the opening of the pupil
Which system of the ANS causes constriction of the radial muscles to dilate the pupil?
Sympathetic
Which system of the ANS causes constriction of the circular muscles to constrict the pupil?
parasympathetic
Which muscles constrict the pupil?
Circular mucles of the Iris
Which muscles dilate the pupil?
Radial muscles of Iris
Blind Spot
The portion of the retina where the optic nerve leaves is called the blind
spot (optic disc), because there are no
photoreceptors located in that region!
After image
Following the activation of the photo pigment, the
photo pigment must be regenerated before it can be
used again.
Eye dominance
One eye is more dominant than the other!
Define Conduction deafness
Damage to the middle ear and/or
blockage of the ear canal (outer ear)
Sensorineural deafness
Damage to the inner ear and/or
vestibulocochlear nerve
Where was the tuning fork placed on the skull in the Rinne’s test?
Mastoid Process
Where was the tuning fork placed on the skull in the Weber’s test?
Skull
Where is the sensory cortex located?
Postcentral gyrus
Where is the motor cortex located?
Precentral gyrus
Merkel’s discs are sensitive to
sustained touch and pressure
Ruffini corpuscles are sensitive to
sustained pressure
Meisnner’s corpuscles are sensitive to
changes in texture, slow vibrations
Pacinian corpuscles are sensitive to
Deep Pressure and fast vibrations
Free nerve endings are sensitive to
light, touch, hot, cold, and pain
Abnormal curvature of the cornea or lens
astigmatism
(Nearsighted) is due to an eye that is too long
Myopia
Caused by abnormally high intraocular pressure
Glaucoma
Due to an eye that is too short
Hyperopia
Caused by a loss of lens elasticity
Presbyopia
Define Acuity
The sharpness of vision
The sharpness of vision
Acuity
the ability of the eye to focus the images of objects at different distances
Accommodation
Accommodation
the ability of the eye to focus the images of objects at different distances
What area of the. eye has the highest visual acuity
Fovea Centralis
FOVEA CENTRALIS
The area of the retina that provides the maximum (highest) visual acuity
NYSTAGMUS
A condition where the eyes will drift slowly in one direction followed by a rapid movement back to the correct
position
What protein is found in the cells of your lens to make it clear thus have the same refractive index?
CRYSTALLIN
Why is the blind spot blind?
There are no PHOTORECEPTORS. It is located where THE OPTIC NERVE LEAVES THE EYES
What is strabismus?
A CONDITION IN WHICH WEAK EXTRINSIC EYE MUSCLES PREVENT THE TWO EYES FROM
CONVERGING ON AN OBJECT AND FUSING THE IMAGES
What is Kluver-Bucy syndrome?
IMAGE IS SEEN BUT LACKS MEANING AND EMOTIONAL CONTENT DUE TO DAMAGE TO THE INFERIOR
TEMPORAL LOBE
How is pitch determined?
By which section of the basilar membrane is stimulated (vibrated)
How is loudness determined?
Frequency of APs
Name the 3 ossicles
Malleus, incus, and stapes
Name the two membranes that are connected by the ossicles?
Tympanic membrane and oval window
Which ossicle is connected to the tympanic membrane? Which ossicle is connected to the oval window?
Malleus, Stapes
What cells are utilized in audition?
Hair cells
What 2 membranes sandwich the hair cells in the Organ of Corti?
Basilar and tectorial
The movement of what ion into the hair cells causes depolarization?
Potassium
What is the neurotransmitter that is released by these hair cells?
GLUTAMATE
What is the difference between conduction and sensory deafness?
CONDUCTION DEAFNESS = MIDDLE EAR DAMAGE
SENSORY DEAFNESS = COCHLEA OR VESTIBULOCOCHLEAR NERVE DAMAGE
What structures make up the vestibular apparatus?
Semicircular canals, utricle, and saccule
What structures are called the otolith organs?
utricle and saccule
What kind of motion or sense do your semi-circular canals detect?
ROTATIONAL AND ANGULAR ACCELERATION AND DECELERATION
hat kind of motion or sense do your otolith organs detect?
POSITION OF HEAD RELATIVE TO GRAVITY, LINEAR (BOTH HORIZONTAL AND VERTICAL)
ACCELERATION AND DECELERATION
Which specific otolith organ detects horizontal acceleration?
Utricle
Which specific otolith organ detects vertical acceleration?
Saccule
Which specific otolith organ tells you that your head is upright?
Saccule
What are the sensory cells that make up the vestibular apparatus?
HAIR CELLS, JUST LIKE IN AUDITION
The influx of what ion causes the depolarization of these hair cells? What is the neurotransmitter released by these hair cells?
POTASSIUM; GLUTAMATE; JUST LIKE IN AUDITION
Define sensory adapation
Receptors stop responding to maintained stimuli
What is a sensory modality that adapts quickly?
Touch and smell
What is a sensory modality that adapts slowly?
Pain
Angina pectoris is an example of
referred pain
Pain perceived in an amputated limb is known as
Phantom Limb Perception
Which photoreceptors are responsible for color vision and how many different types are there?
Cones and three
The region of the retina in which there are no photoreceptors is called _____, this is also known as ________
blind spot, optic disc
Retinene (retinaldehyde) is dervided from which vitamin?
A
When light enters the retina, it first passes through the ______ cell layer, then the ________ cell layer, before reaching the photoreceptors.
Ganglion, bipolar
The axons of _________ cells gather to produce the optic nerve.
Ganglion
Define acuity
clarity of vision, resolution
Define accomodation
the ability to focus objects at different distances
________ is a precursor to Vitamin A found in carrots. Vitamin A is a precursor for _______ which is the pigment part of rhodopsin.
Carotene, retinene
The scientific name for the eardrum is the
Tympanic Membrane
The middle chamber of the cochlea is the
Cochlear Duct
The innermost middle ear ossicle presses against a flexible membrane called
the oval window
The sensory structure of the inner ear responsible for transducing vibrations into nerve implulses is known a
Organ of Corti
The organ of equilibrium is called
the vestibular apparatus
The structures sensitive to angular acceleration in 3 planes are the
Semicircular canals
The strucutures sensitive to linear acceleration are
saccule and utricle
The saccule and utricle are known as the
vestibular apparatus
The fluid within the organs of equilibrium are known as
endolymph!
The sense of equilibrium is transmitted by the __________ cranial nerve, also known as the __________ nerve
8th, vestibulcochlear
An illusion of movement or spinning is called
Vertigo
Define inertia
the tendency of matter (example endolymph fluid) to remain at rest or if moving to keep moving in the same direction
Define Vertigo
The lack of ability to maintain equilibrium accompanied by an illusion of movement, or spinning
What aspect of a solution causes it to taste sour?
Hydrogen ions
What aspect of a solution causes it to taste salty?
Sodium ions
What is the G-protein involved in taste
Gustducin
Why is vision in dim light better out of the corner of the eyes than when the eyes look directly at an object
Because the rods are activated in night vision and they reside in the corners of the eye
