Ch. 2 based on slides Flashcards
True or False: Elements are arranged on the periodic table by increasing atomic number (# of protons)! Protons define the atom
True
Define atomic weight
the number of protons and neutrons in the nucleus
Define Isotope
Alternative forms of an atom due to differences in the number of neutrons
Why would atoms link up with one another?
Because most atoms are not stable on their own due to their number of electrons
What is the octet rule?
The valence shell must contain 8 electrons to be stable
How will atoms interact with one another to fulfill the octet rule?
Via ionic or covalent bonding
Define ionic bonding
Atoms transfer or accept electrons from one another
Elements that give up electrons are positively charged and known as
Cations
Elements that accept electrons are negatively charged and known as
Anions
What is an ION
a charged atom
Define Electronegativity
The degree to which an atom will give or accept an electron
True or False: Elements with more electrons in their valence shell have higher electronegativity!
True
Define Covalent bonding
The (Atoms) sharing of electrons
What are the differences between non-polar and polar covalent bonds?
The sharing of the electrons. Nonpolar is equal sharing of electrons and polar is unequal sharing of electrons
Is there a charge across a non-polar covalent bond?
NO
Does a polar bond have a charge?
Yes, one end is positive and the other negative
Why does oxygen pull on H+ electrons?
Because it has greater electronegativity
Define Oxidation
Loss of e-
Reduction
Gaining of e-
What is hydrogen bonding?
A covalently bonded hydrogen is partially positive and it is attracted to the partially negative portion of a different atom
Define solute
the substance that is being dissolved
Solvent
the substance that dissolves the solute
Define Buffers
Compounds that are used to maintain proper pH by binding to free H+ or OH-
What are the four functional groups?
Amino group, hydroxyl group, carboxyl group, and R-group
How are monomers formed from a polymer?
Hydrolysis: the addition of water molecules to break a bond within the polymer to form a monomer
How are polymers formed from monomers?
Dehydration synthesis: The removal of a water molecule between 2 reacting molecules forming new covalent bonds in the process
Do double carbon bonds exist in saturated fatty acid tails?
NO
Do double carbon bonds exist in saturated fatty acid tails?
Yes at least one
The importance of cholesterol
A major component for the cells plasma membrane (structurally) but its also a precursor for testosterone and estrogen (hormones)
What is the function of an R Group?
It establishes the distinctive properties of each amino acid and the properties of the resulting polypeptide
Organization of Protein folding
Primary: Linear Sequence
Secondary: Alpha helix and beta pleated sheet
Tertiary: Interaction between R groups
Quaternary: a combination of 2 or more of the above structures
Define Functional Group.
Parts of a molecule that impart a specific characteristic to the molecule
What molecules make up the cell membrane?
Lipids and Proteins
What do our genes encode for?
Proteins
How do we make proteins for our genes?
Transcription: synthesis of RNA from a DNA template
Translation: synthesis of protein from RNA template
rRNA
Associated with proteins to form ribosomes (structural site of protein synthesis)
tRNA
responsible for carrying and connecting amino acids to ribosomes for synthesis into a protein
mRNA
template for translation, sequence that determines the sequence of amino acids in the final proteins (copy of DNA blueprint)
Difference between introns vs exons
Introns (non-coding sequence)
Exons (coding sequence)
How does mRNA serve as the template for translation?
It is divided into 3 nucleotide sections called codons then those codons encode for an amino acid
