lab 4

Question 1

another name for vascular plants

Answer 1

tracheophytes

Question 2

how have land plants dealt with water scarcity?

Answer 2

• cuticles (waxy cover)
• stomata (pores)
• spores (reproduction in open air)
• vascular tissue (transport food and water)

Question 3

Primary growth

Answer 3

-branching apical growht
vertical growth
-mitotic division in apical meristem zones of stem and roots

Question 4

axillary bud

Answer 4

meristematic tissues laid down by shoot apical meristem at notch between stem and eventual leaf

Question 5

Primary tissue

Answer 5

dermal (epidermis)
-covers plant; gas exchange; water absorption

Ground (mesophyll)

• bt upper and lower epidermis
• parenchyma, collenchyma, and scierenchyma

Vascular
-xylem and phloem

Question 6

Arrangement of vascular tissue

Answer 6

-depends on location and monocot vs dicot

monocot = scattered among ground tissue = atactostele

dicot = concentric = eustele

Question 7

Secondary growth

Answer 7

-happens at vascular cambium bt primary xylem and phloem
-generates new vascular tissue
2 xylem and 2 phloem grow superficially

Question 8

xylem

Answer 8

• carries water and ions from roots to leaves
• dead at maturity
• made of parenchyma cells and fibers and specialized water-conducting cells
• lignin and fiber cells for support

Question 9

specialized xylem water-conducting cells

Answer 9

tracheids in gymnosperms

vessel elements in angiosperms

Question 10

phloem

Answer 10

transports photosynthates from leaves to other parts of plant
-2 specialized cells
sieve element and companion cells

Question 11

sieve element

Answer 11

elongated, narrow cells connected by sieve plates

• directly involved in transport
• alive but don’t have nucleus or organelles

Question 12

companion cells

Answer 12

• conduct metabolic reactions to support sieve elements

- not directly involved in transport

Question 13

secondary xylem (wood)

Answer 13

-annual rings
-spring wood is wider with thinner walled tracheary elements
-summer wood is narrower with thicker walled tracheary elements
-parenchymal rays deliver photosynthates
cork cambium=secondary growth that adds lateral growth in the form of periderm (bark)

Question 14

what’s a lycophyte

Answer 14

low growing plant in moist, shaded environment

-includes club mosses and relatives

Question 15

lycophyte: prostele or siphonostele?

explain

Answer 15

prostele –> central core of xylem tissue surrounded by phloem or xylem interspersed in phloem

Question 16

lycophyte leaves

Answer 16

microphylls - small, not true leaves

-lack complex venation and gapless connections to protostele of true leaves

Question 17

lycophyte reproductive structures’ home

Answer 17

• strobili
• homosporous = many densely packed leaves with attached sporangia with identical spores –> bisexual gametophytes

-heterosporous= megasporangia which germitate into female gametophytes and microsporangia- male

Question 18

leprosporangiate ferns nickname

Answer 18

euphylophytes –> true leaves

Question 19

leprosporangiate ferns: prostele or siphonostele? explain

Answer 19

siphonostele = O or C shaped ring of vascular tissue around pith

Question 20

leprosporangiate ferns leaves

Answer 20

fronds

• develop from spirally folded buds (fiddleheads)
• may be divided or undivided into leaflets (levels of pinnae)

Question 21

leprosporangiate ferns reproductive structures’ home

Answer 21

sporangia are borne either on undersurface of fronds or on highly modified, non photosynthetic fronds

aggregate into clusters (sori) protected by indusium