lab 12 Flashcards

1
Q

Homologous structure

A
  • characteristic shared by 2+ species that’s similar bc of common ancestry
  • may or may not have same func.
  • e.g. human, whale, bat, cat all have similar forearm
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2
Q

Analogous structures

A
  • similar structures that serve same function, but not from CA
  • convergent evolution
  • e.g. flight/wings
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3
Q

Phylogeny for birds and mammals

A

Amniotic Egg = teptiles, birds, mammals
Diapsid skull = reptiles and birds (mammals have synapsid skull)
Adaptions for flight = birds

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4
Q

Pigeon classification

A
-Vertebrate specially adapted for flight
Kingdom: animalia
Phylum: chordata
Class: Aves
Fam.: Columbiformes
Genus: Columba
Species: C. livia
Subspecies: C. l. domestica
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5
Q

Pigeon Skeleton

A
  • large sternum/keel for flight muscles to attach to
  • fused pectoral girdle/clavicle = wishbone –> also for flight muscle attachment
  • Wings = 1 big, 2 small, lots of little bones –> little bones are all fused for flapping (won’t bend during downstrokes)
  • flexible bones prevent them from breaking during pressures in flight
  • no teeth
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6
Q

Pigeon mass

A
  • very light
  • hollow bones
  • pneumatic bones = major bone hollows with struts (air spaces connected to respiratory system)
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7
Q

2 Major flight muscles

A

Pectoralis

  • big, superficial
  • origin: keel/sternum
  • inserts @ underside of humerus
  • depress wing (downstroke)

Supracoracoideus

  • small, deep
  • origin=sternum; insertion=topside(dorsal) of humerus
  • goes over clavicle
  • elevates the wing (upstroke)
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8
Q

Respiratory system

A
  • lung and air sacs allow flight to occur
  • constant supply of air to lung and cuts down on weight
  • no diaphragm
  • lungs surrounded by 8-9 air sacs (not for gas exchange)
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9
Q

Air flow

A

Inhale 1: abdominal air sac
Exhale 1: lungs for gas exchange
Inhale 2: forward (anterior) air sac
Exhale 2: CO2 is expelled

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10
Q

Feathers

A
  • Primary and seondary wing feathers = main flight feathers –> lost and regrown annually
  • priamary feathers attach to digits
  • some species only have color on their secondary coverts
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11
Q

bird digestion

A

crop

  • giant sac to hold food
  • can stretch a lot

gizzard

  • where food goes next to be crushed up in prep for digestion
  • lots of muscles and tendons
  • some birds eat small rocks to help with crushing seeds
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12
Q

Reproductive organs

A

-Don’t need to reproduce during winter and fall, so they shrink reproductive organs to cut weight

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