Lab 3b - Growth and Development Flashcards
-blast
to sprout
cyt-
Cell
derm-
skin
ecto-
outside of
en-, endo-
within
meso-, medio-
middle
teras-, terat
monster
toti-
whole
What is growth?
- Increase in size and weight of tissues (bone, muscle, organ)
- Increase in amount of protein and mineral accumulated in the body
- Excludes Adipose tissue
What is edema?
- The retention of water
What 2 ways does growth occur?
- Hypertrophy
- Hyperplasia
What is Hypertrophy?
- Increase in cell size through an increase in organelle size
EX: postnatal growth (muscle and nerve cells)
What is Hyperplasia?
- Increase in cell numbers (mitosis)
- Tissues that under go hyperplasia during postnatal growth
- Skin, Blood, capillaries, liver, and adipose tissue
- Prenatal
What are the two different types of growth?
- Determinate growth
- Indeterminate growth
What is Determinate growth?
- Body grows to a certain point (maturity) and then ceases
EX: birds and mammals
What is Indeterminate growth?
- Growth continues throughout the lifetime of the individual
EX: fish, reptiles, amphibians
What is Development?
- Change in form and function
- Series of uninterrupted events
What is Cellular Differentiation?
- Cells become more specialized (liver, muscle, skin cells)
- All originate from single fertilized ovum
What is Morphogenesis?
- establishment of shape and patterns in an animal
What is Morphology?
- The study of form and structure
What is Embryology?
- Study of the period of time from fertilization to birth
What is fertilization?
- Combining of sperm and ovum = zygote
What is a Zygote?
- Fertilized Ovum
What is Zona Pellucida?
- Protective layer that surrounds and protects the mammalian oocyte
- Structure that sperm penetrate to fuse and fertilize the ovum
What is Cleavage?
- Sequential cell divisions immediately following fertilization
- Cell size decreases
What are Blastomeres?
- Undifferentiated cells formed during cleavage
What is a Morula?
- Solid ball of cells
- Mulberry shaped
What is Blastulation?
- Conversion of the morula into the blastocyst
- Formation of trophoblast cells, inner cell mast cells, and blastocoel cavity
What is a Blastocyst?
- Hollow ball that is one cell layer thick around a fluid-filled cavity
- Results in trophoblast and inner cell mass
What are Trophoblast cells?
- Outer layer of the blastocyst
- Outermost layer of the placenta
What are Inner mast cells?
- Small aggregate of cells beneath trophoblast
-develops into an embryo and all layers of placenta except the outer one
What is the Blastocoele Cavity?
- Inner part of blastocyst, fluid filed area
- Provides nutrients to the growing embryo
What is Implantation?
- Attachment of blastocyst to the uterine wall
- Hatches from Zona pellucida prior to attachment
What is Gastrulation?
- Second major differentiation event
- 2 cell layers form (endoderm and ectoderm)
What are the embryonic tissue layers?
- Endoderm
- Mesoderm
- Ectoderm
What is the Endoderm?
- Lungs, larynx, trachea, bronchi, gastrointestinal tract, liver, and pancreas develop from here
- Germ cells develop here and travel to reproductive organs
What is the Mesoderm?
- Muscles, urinary system, heart, connective tissue (bone and blood) and some of the repro system form here
What is the Ectoderm?
- Forms the epidermis, nervous system (brain, spinal cord, and nerves) and some of the repro syst.
What is Neuralation?
- Ectoderm develops into the brain, spinal cord, and associated structures
What is an Embryo?
- Implantation through formation of organs and organ systems
What is a Fetus?
- Time formation of organs and organs systems have been completed until parturition
Growth is divided into what 2 phases?
- Prenatal
- Postnatal
What is prenatal growth?
- Growth and development that occurs before birth
Prenatal growth is divided into what 3 phases?
- Period of the ovum
- Period of the embryo
- Period of the fetus
What occurs during the period of the ovum?
- time from fertilization to implantation
- little to no increase in weight although cleavage is occurring
- Blastocyst implantation occurs at end of blastocyst stage
Sperm+Ovum = Zygote (fertilized ovum) = Morula (solid ball) = Blastocyst (hollow ball) = implantation
What occurs during the period of the embryo?
- Begins with gastrulation (endo,meso,ectoderm)
- Formation of specific organs and tissues
- All major structures and systems established
- Heart and circulatory system functional
- Characterized by hyperplasia
What occurs during the period of the fetus?
- Late embryonic stage (restricted to mammals)
- Maturation of organ function takes place
- Characterized by large increase in weight and large quantity of nutrients
- Hyperplasia still occurs, growth is primarily hypertrophy
- 2/3 to 3/4 of birth weight is accuried
- fetus far less vulnerable to teratogenic effects
Sheep Prenatal growth and development
- Ovum (1-8 days)
- Embryo (9-34 days)
- Fetus (35 days to term)
- Gestation (147 days)
Pig Prenatal growth and development
- Ovum (1-6 days)
- Embryo (7-23 days)
- Fetus (24 days to term)
- Gestation (114 days)
Cattle Prenatal growth and development
- Ovum (1-11 days)
- Embryo (12-45 days)
- Fetus (46 days to term)
- Gestation (283 days)
Horse Prenatal growth and development
- Ovum (1-8 days)
- Embryo (9-60 days)
- Fetus (60 days to term)
- Gestation (336 days)
Human Prenatal growth and development
- Ovum (1-7 days)
- Embryo (8-56 days)
- Fetus (57 days to term)
- Gestation (266 days)
Cat Prenatal growth and development
- Ovum (1-7 days)
- Embryo (8-29 days)
- Fetus (30 days to term)
- Gestation (56-67 days)
Dog Prenatal growth and development
- Ovum (1-7 days)
- Embryo (8-29 days)
- Fetus (30 days to term)
- Gestation (56-68 days)
What is Ontogeny?
- Life history, entire life span
What is Teratology?
- a branch of embryology that studies malformations
What is Totipotent?
- Capability of one cell to develop into any tissue type to form and entire organism
What is Pluripotent?
- Cells of inner cell mass
- Can develop into whole fetus and all layers of placentae except outermost
Events in embryonic chick development
- Before egg laying
- Fertilization, division and growth of living cells, segregation of cells into groups of special function
- Between laying and incubation
- no growth; stage of inactive embryonic life
Events during Incubation Day 1
Day 1
- 16 hrs (first sign of resemblance to chick embryo)
- 18 hrs (alimentary tract)
- 20 hrs (vertebral column)
- 21 hrs (formation of NS)
- 22 Hrs (formation of head)
- 24 hrs (formation of eye)
Events during Incubation Day 2
Day 2
- 25 hrs( formation of heart)
- 35 hrs (formation of ear)
- 42 hrs (heart begins to beat)
Events during Incubation Day 3
Day 3
-60 hrs (formation of nose)
- 62 hrs (formation of legs)
- 64 hrs (formation of wings)
Events during Incubation Day 4
Day 4
-Formation of tongue
Events during Incubation Day 5
Day 5
- Formation of repro organs and sex
Events during Incubation Day 6
Day 6
- formation of beak
Events during Incubation Day 8
Day 8
- formation of feathers
Events during Incubation Day 10
Day 10
- hardening of beak
Events during Incubation Day 13
Day 13
- Appearance of scales and claws
Events during Incubation Day 14
Day 14
- embryo moves to position for breaking shell
Events during Incubation Day 16
Day 16
- Scales, claws and beak become firm
Events during Incubation Day 17
Day 17
- beaks turn towards air cell
Events during Incubation Day 18
Day 18
- Pulmonary surfactant is produced
Events during Incubation Day 19
Day 19
- Yolk sac enters body cavity
Events during Incubation Day 20
Day 20
- yolk sac completely enters body
- embryo occupies all sapce but air cell in shell
Events during Incubation Day 21
Day 21
- Chick Hatches
