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AN S 214 L > Lab 3a - Central Nervous System > Flashcards

Lab 3a - Central Nervous System Flashcards

1
Q

cephalo-, crani-

A

head

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2
Q

cerebro-, encephalo-

A

brain

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3
Q

neur-

A

nerve

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4
Q

optic-, opt-

A

eye

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5
Q

ot-, auri

A

ear

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6
Q

What are the embryonic germ cell layers?

A

Endoderm
Mesoderm
Ectoderm

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7
Q

What is the Endoderm?

A
  • Innermost lining of cells in developing fetus
  • from two “tubes” (digestive and respiratory)
  • form gastrointestinal system, lungs, thyroid cells, and pancreatic cells
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8
Q

What is the Mesoderm?

A
  • Middle layer
  • Gives rise to skeletal muscles, repro structures, bones, and connective tissues
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9
Q

What is the Ectoderm?

A
  • Outermost Layer
  • Gives rise to the epidermis and almost all nervous syst.
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10
Q

Extodermal derived nervous syst develop from what?

A
  • Primordial “Spinal Cord”
  • Forms during dorsum of embryo
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11
Q

Cells of Neural tubes become what?

A
  • The Central Nervous System (CNS)
  • Brain/Spinal Cord
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12
Q

Neural Crest Cells become what?

A
  • The peripheral nervous system (PNS)
  • Other cell types
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13
Q

What is the PNS?

A
  • Nerve fibers and cell bodies outside the CNS
  • Somatic and visceral sensory neurons
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14
Q

What is the Somatic Nervous System?

A
  • Elements under voluntary control
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15
Q

What is the Autonomic system?

A
  • Governs “automatic” physiological responses
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16
Q

What two elements is the Autonomic Nervous System broken down into?

A
  • Parasympathetic System
  • Sympathetic System
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17
Q

What is the Parasympathetic System?

A
  • Governs “vegetative” functions
    • digestion and homeostatic maintenance
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18
Q

What is the Sympathetic System?

A
  • Governs the “fight or flight” stress response
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19
Q

What is Gray Matter?

A
  • Cell bodies, nuclei, and dendrites of nerve cells (neurons) and unmyelinated axons
  • Forms cortex over cerebrum
  • Surrounded by white matter
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20
Q

What is White Matter?

A
  • High concentration of myelinated axons
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21
Q

The brain is divided into what parts?

A
  • Cerebrum
  • Cerebellum
  • Brainstem
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22
Q

What are Ventricles (brain)?

A
  • Brain contains 4 ventricles
  • Filled with cerebrospinal fluid
  • Derived from lumen of embryonic development
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23
Q

What are Meninges?

A
  • Connective tissue membranes that surround the brain and spinal cord
  • Lie between nervous tissue and bones
24
Q

What are the cell types in nervous tissue?

A
  • Neurons
  • Glial Cells
25
Q

What are Neurons?

A
  • Nerve Cells
  • Conduct nerve impulses
26
Q

What are Glial Cells?

A

-Supporting
- Provide nutrition, support, establish blood-brain barrier
- Make myelin sheath around axon of neruons

27
Q

What is the Cerebrum?

A
  • Responsible for higher mental functions
  • Contains both gray and white matter
  • Divided into 2 hemispheres
  • Contains paired lobes
28
Q

What are the Cerebral Lobes?

A
  • Frontal Lobe
  • Parietal Lobe
  • Temporal Lobe
  • Occipital Lobe
  • Insula
29
Q

What is the Frontal Lobe?

A
  • Responsible for voluntary motor control, reasoning, planning, emotions and social judgment
30
Q

What is the Parietal Lobe?

A
  • Perceives sensations from skin, muscle, tendons and joint receptors
31
Q

What is the Temporal Lobe?

A
  • Contains auditory centers
  • Important in Memory
32
Q

What is the Occipital Lobe?

A
  • Responsible for vision and eye coordination
33
Q

What is the Insula?

A
  • Integrates sensory info. from viscera
  • Roles in taste and language function
  • Located in middle of brain where all Frontal, Parietal, and Temporal lobes meet
  • Cannot be seen externally
34
Q

What is the Corpus callosum?

A
  • Band of nervous tissue that connects the two haves of the cerebrum
  • Carries nerve impulses between 2 hemispheres
35
Q

What is the Thalamus?

A
  • Relay center for sensory info. (no smell)
  • Walls of 3rd ventricle make up thalamus
  • Filled with cerebral spinal fluid
36
Q

What is the Hypothalamus?

A
  • Regulates types of behavior
  • Includes:
    • Thirst/Hunger
    • body temp
    • Sleep/wakefulness
    • Sexual Arousal
    • Anger/fear/pain/pleasure
    • Produce ADH, oxytocin, releasing and inhibitory
      hormones that regulate the pituitary
37
Q

What is the Pituitary Gland?

A
  • AKA Hypophysis
  • Compromised of 2 parts:
    • Anterior Pituitary
    • Posterior Pituitary
38
Q

What is the Anterior Pituitary gland?

A
  • Secretes somatotropin (GH, TSH, ACTH, FSH, LH, and Prolactin)
  • regulated by releasing and inhibiting hormones secreted by the hypothalamus
  • carried in the blood through the Hypothalamic_hypophyseal portal system
39
Q

What is the Posterior Pituitary Gland?

A
  • Released ADH and Oxytocin (nervous stimuli)
  • Produced in Hypothalamus
40
Q

Where does the pituitary gland sit and what is it protected by?

A
  • Base of the brain
  • Protected by sella turcica and sphenoid bone
41
Q

What is the Optic chiasm?

A
  • Optic nerves cross over on the way to brain from eyes
42
Q

What is the limbic system?

A
  • Part of the forebrain that processes olfactory info.
  • Neural basis of emotional states
43
Q

What parts form the limbic system?

A
  • Hypothalamus
  • Fornix encircle
44
Q

What is the Cerebellum?

A
  • 2nd largest part of brain
  • Consists of gray and white matter
  • Receives input from joint, tendon, and muscle receptors
  • Responsible for coordination and movement
45
Q

What is the Brainstem made up of?

A
  • Midbrain
  • Pons
  • Medulla Oblongata
46
Q

What does the Midbrain do?

A
  • Connects to hindbrain and forebrain
  • Controls brain receptors to stimuli, eye movement, and vocalization
47
Q

What does the Pons do?

A
  • Contains 2 respiratory centers
  • Pathway for nerve fibers passing thru brain to spinal cord
48
Q

What does the Medulla Oblongata do?

A
  • Contains cell bodies of several cranial nerves
  • Regulation of several autonomic systems
    • Vasomotor center
    • Cardioinhibitory center
    • Respiratory Center
49
Q

What is the Vasomotor center?

A
  • Contraction or dilation of BV
  • Regulates blood pressure
50
Q

What is the Cardioinhinitory Center?

A
  • parasympathetic innervation of the heart
  • Regulates Heart rate
51
Q

What is the Respiratory Center?

A
  • Works w/ Respiratory Centers in pons to control respiration rate
52
Q

What are cranial nerves?

A
  • Nerves that run directly to the brain rather than thru the spinal cord
53
Q

How many pairs of Cranial Nerves are there?

A
  • 12 numbered with roman numerals
54
Q

What are mixed nerves?

A
  • Have both sensory and motor functions
55
Q

What is the Vagus Nerve (X)?

A
  • functions in salivation from parotid gland, swallowing, and phonation
56
Q

What is the Optic Nerve (II)?

A
  • Sensory-only nerve
  • Carries impulses from eyes to occipital lobes
57
Q

How many Spinal nerves are there?

A
  • 31 pairs of nerves in human
  • All are MIXED NERVES

AN S 214 L (6 decks)

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