Lab 3 - Gross Anatomy of Human Reproduction 2 Flashcards
Why is the inguinal canal of clinical importance?
A patient may develop an inguinal hernia at this site
What passes through the inguinal canal in:
a) males
b) females
a) Spermatic cord & ilioinguinal nerve
b) Round ligament of uterus & ilioinguinal nerve
Where do the structures of the inguinal canal pass to?
From the abdominal cavity to the scrotum/labium majora
Where is the deep inguinal ring located?
In the transversalis fascia, 1.25cm above the inguinal ligament
Situated halfway between the anterior superior iliac spine and the symphysis pubis
Where is the superficial inguinal ring located?
In the aponeurosis of the external oblique muscle
Just above and lateral to the pubic crest
Where spermatic cord/round ligament emerges from inguinal canal
What are the attachments of the inguinal ligament?
Laterally: anterior superior iliac spine
Medially: pubic tubercle
Where does the lateral crus of the superficial inguinal ring attach?
To the pubic tubercle
Where does the medial crus of the superficial inguinal ring attach?
To the symphysis pubis
What structure is located superior to the superficial inguinal ring and is responsible for preventing the splitting of the aponeurosis?
Intercrural fibres
What structures make up the floor of the inguinal canal?
2 ligaments:
- inguinal ligament
- lacunar ligament
What structures make up the roof of the inguinal canal?
2 muscles:
- Internal oblique muscle
- transversus abdominus muscle
What structures make up the anterior wall of the inguinal canal?
2 aponeuroses:
- Aponeurosis of internal oblique
- Aponeurosis of external oblique
What structures make up the posterior wall of the inguinal canal?
Two Ts:
- conjoint Tendon
- Transversalis fascia
What is the approximate length of the inguinal canal between the two inguinal rings?
4cm
What is a direct inguinal hernia?
A protrusion medial to the inferior epigastric vessels
What is an indirect inguinal hernia?
A protrusion lateral to the inferior epigastric vessels and passes through the deep inguinal ring
What makes up the spermatic cord?
3 arteries
- Testicular artery, cremasteric artery, deferential artery
3 nerves
- genital branch of genitofemoral nerve, sympathetics, ilioinguinal nerve (just outside)
3 miscellaneous
- Vas deferens, pampiniform plexus, lymphatics
Where does the spermatic cord begin and end?
Begins in inferior abdomen, ends in scrotum
What are the three coverings of the spermatic cord?
External spermatic fascia - from aponeurosis of external oblique muscle
Cremasteric fascia and muscle - derived from internal oblique and its fascial coverings
Internal spermatic fascia - derived from transversalis fascia
Where does the round ligament of the uterus begin and end?
Originates at uterine horns where ovarian tubes enter the uterus and ends at labia majora, passing through inguinal canal
What are the coverings of the round ligament of the uterus?
Transversalis fascia
What compensates for the presence of the inguinal canal being a risk for herniation?
The oblique direction of the canal, meaning the two inguinal rings do not coincide
What two walls of the inguinal canal are normally pressed together in the presence of raised intra-abdominal pressure?
The anterior and posterior walls
What do genital swellings go on to become in:
a) males
b) females
a) Scrotal swellings
b) Labia majora
What two structures does the urogenital septum divide the the cloaca into?
The rectum behind and the urigenital sinus in front
What does the genital tubercle form in males?
Phallus - formed by the presence of androgens in the foetal testis
What marks the line of fusion of the scrotal swellings?
Scrotal raphe
What does the genital tubercle form in females due to an absence of androgens?
Clitoris
What forms the labia minora?
Unfused urethral folds
What do the urethral folds become in
a) females
b) males
a) Labia minora
b) Phallus
What do the genital swellings become in:
a) males
b) females
a) scrotum
b) labia majora
What is the difference between the epithelium of the mesonephric tubules and the mesonephric ducts?
Tubules - columnar epithelium
Ducts - cuboidal epithelium
What does the mesonephric duct become in the male?
The epididymis, ductus deferens, and seminal vesicle
Define hypospadias
When the urethra opens at the ventral surface of the penis rather than at the end of it
What process has failed in a patient with hypospadias?
Closure of the urethral folds
What causes congenital adrenal hyperplasia?
Hyperactivity of the adrenal gland leading to excess production of androgens
What makes up the lateral border of the femoral triangle?
The sartorius muscle
What makes the apex of the femoral triangle?
Where the sartorius muscle crosses the medial border
What makes up the medial border of the femoral triangle?
The lateral border of the adductor magnus muscle
What makes the base of the femoral triangle?
The inguinal ligament
What are the contents of the femoral triangle?
Femoral nerve and its terminal branches
Femoral sheath containing:
- Femoral artery
- Femoral vein
- Deep inguinal lymph nodes and lymphatics
