Lab 3 - Gross Anatomy of Human Reproduction 2

Question 1

Why is the inguinal canal of clinical importance?

Answer 1

A patient may develop an inguinal hernia at this site

Question 2

What passes through the inguinal canal in:

a) males
b) females

Answer 2

a) Spermatic cord & ilioinguinal nerve

b) Round ligament of uterus & ilioinguinal nerve

Question 3

Where do the structures of the inguinal canal pass to?

Answer 3

From the abdominal cavity to the scrotum/labium majora

Question 4

Where is the deep inguinal ring located?

Answer 4

In the transversalis fascia, 1.25cm above the inguinal ligament
Situated halfway between the anterior superior iliac spine and the symphysis pubis

Question 5

Where is the superficial inguinal ring located?

Answer 5

In the aponeurosis of the external oblique muscle
Just above and lateral to the pubic crest
Where spermatic cord/round ligament emerges from inguinal canal

Question 6

What are the attachments of the inguinal ligament?

Answer 6

Laterally: anterior superior iliac spine
Medially: pubic tubercle

Question 7

Where does the lateral crus of the superficial inguinal ring attach?

Answer 7

To the pubic tubercle

Question 8

Where does the medial crus of the superficial inguinal ring attach?

Answer 8

To the symphysis pubis

Question 9

What structure is located superior to the superficial inguinal ring and is responsible for preventing the splitting of the aponeurosis?

Answer 9

Intercrural fibres

Question 10

What structures make up the floor of the inguinal canal?

Answer 10

2 ligaments:

• inguinal ligament
• lacunar ligament

Question 11

What structures make up the roof of the inguinal canal?

Answer 11

2 muscles:

• Internal oblique muscle
• transversus abdominus muscle

Question 12

What structures make up the anterior wall of the inguinal canal?

Answer 12

2 aponeuroses:

• Aponeurosis of internal oblique
• Aponeurosis of external oblique

Question 13

What structures make up the posterior wall of the inguinal canal?

Answer 13

Two Ts:

• conjoint Tendon
• Transversalis fascia

Question 14

What is the approximate length of the inguinal canal between the two inguinal rings?

Answer 14

4cm

Question 15

What is a direct inguinal hernia?

Answer 15

A protrusion medial to the inferior epigastric vessels

Question 16

What is an indirect inguinal hernia?

Answer 16

A protrusion lateral to the inferior epigastric vessels and passes through the deep inguinal ring

Question 17

What makes up the spermatic cord?

Answer 17

3 arteries
- Testicular artery, cremasteric artery, deferential artery

3 nerves
- genital branch of genitofemoral nerve, sympathetics, ilioinguinal nerve (just outside)

3 miscellaneous
- Vas deferens, pampiniform plexus, lymphatics

Question 18

Where does the spermatic cord begin and end?

Answer 18

Begins in inferior abdomen, ends in scrotum

Question 19

What are the three coverings of the spermatic cord?

Answer 19

External spermatic fascia - from aponeurosis of external oblique muscle

Cremasteric fascia and muscle - derived from internal oblique and its fascial coverings

Internal spermatic fascia - derived from transversalis fascia

Question 20

Where does the round ligament of the uterus begin and end?

Answer 20

Originates at uterine horns where ovarian tubes enter the uterus and ends at labia majora, passing through inguinal canal

Question 21

What are the coverings of the round ligament of the uterus?

Answer 21

Transversalis fascia

Question 22

What compensates for the presence of the inguinal canal being a risk for herniation?

Answer 22

The oblique direction of the canal, meaning the two inguinal rings do not coincide

Question 23

What two walls of the inguinal canal are normally pressed together in the presence of raised intra-abdominal pressure?

Answer 23

The anterior and posterior walls

Question 24

What do genital swellings go on to become in:

a) males
b) females

Answer 24

a) Scrotal swellings

b) Labia majora

Question 25

What two structures does the urogenital septum divide the the cloaca into?

Answer 25

The rectum behind and the urigenital sinus in front

Question 26

What does the genital tubercle form in males?

Answer 26

Phallus - formed by the presence of androgens in the foetal testis

Question 27

What marks the line of fusion of the scrotal swellings?

Answer 27

Scrotal raphe

Question 28

What does the genital tubercle form in females due to an absence of androgens?

Answer 28

Clitoris

Question 29

What forms the labia minora?

Answer 29

Unfused urethral folds

Question 30

What do the urethral folds become in

a) females
b) males

Answer 30

a) Labia minora

b) Phallus

Question 31

What do the genital swellings become in:

a) males
b) females

Answer 31

a) scrotum

b) labia majora

Question 32

What is the difference between the epithelium of the mesonephric tubules and the mesonephric ducts?

Answer 32

Tubules - columnar epithelium

Ducts - cuboidal epithelium

Question 33

What does the mesonephric duct become in the male?

Answer 33

The epididymis, ductus deferens, and seminal vesicle

Question 34

Define hypospadias

Answer 34

When the urethra opens at the ventral surface of the penis rather than at the end of it

Question 35

What process has failed in a patient with hypospadias?

Answer 35

Closure of the urethral folds

Question 36

What causes congenital adrenal hyperplasia?

Answer 36

Hyperactivity of the adrenal gland leading to excess production of androgens

Question 37

What makes up the lateral border of the femoral triangle?

Answer 37

The sartorius muscle

Question 38

What makes the apex of the femoral triangle?

Answer 38

Where the sartorius muscle crosses the medial border

Question 39

What makes up the medial border of the femoral triangle?

Answer 39

The lateral border of the adductor magnus muscle

Question 40

What makes the base of the femoral triangle?

Answer 40

The inguinal ligament

Question 41

What are the contents of the femoral triangle?

Answer 41

Femoral nerve and its terminal branches

Femoral sheath containing:

• Femoral artery
• Femoral vein
• Deep inguinal lymph nodes and lymphatics