262-268. Week 8 PBL - Chronic renal failure

Question 1

What nerve is responsible for sympathetic innervation of the bladder?

Answer 1

The hypogastric nerve

Question 2

What nerve is responsible for parasympathetic innervation of the bladder?

Answer 2

The pelvic nerves

Question 3

What nerve is responsible for somatic innervation of the external urethral sphincter?

Answer 3

The pudendal nerve

Question 4

What are the causes of chronic obstruction of bladder outflow?

Answer 4

Benign prostatic hyperplasia - compresses urethra, making it difficult to urinate

Bladder stones

Kidney stones

Bladder tumours

Question 5

How can backflow be caused by bladder obstruction?

Answer 5

Reduced urine outflow leads to build up of urine which backflows up the ureters as it has nowhere else to go

Question 6

What happens to the ureters as a result of backflow of urine?

Answer 6

They become dilated and lose their peristalsic function, meaning urine can only flow downwards by the force of gravity

Question 7

Define hydronephrosis

Answer 7

When backflow of urine causes dilation of the renal pelvis and calyces

Question 8

What happens if hydronephrosis is left untreated?

Answer 8

It can lead to progressive atrophy of the kidneys, leading to kidney impairment as fluid cannot leave collecting ducts - leading to intrarenal absorption of fluid