Lab 2 - Gross Anatomy of Human Reproduction 1 Flashcards
What type of joint is the symphysis pubis?
Cartilaginous
A line drawn between what two structures lies in the plane of the inlet of the pelvis?
From the symphysis to the sacral promontery (at 60 degrees from horizontal - so nearer vertical than horizontal)
What is the role of the inlet of the pelvis?
Separates the pelvic cavity from the abdominal cavity
A line drawn between what two structures lies in the plane of the pelvic outlet?
Between lower border of symphysis pubis and the tip of the coccyx (nearly horizontal)
What structure limits the pelvic cavity below?
Pelvic diaphragm (muscular sheet)
What type of joint is the sacroiliac joint?
Synovial
What is the role of the linea terminalis?
Separates the greater ‘false’ pelvis from the lesser ‘true’ pelvis
How many sacral bones are there and at what age do they fuse to become one bone? Are there any variations?
5 - age 16-18
Sometimes 4-6 vertebrae, also sexually dimorphic - females have wider and shorter sacral bones
What is the sacral promontory? What does it form?
An anterior ridge on the S1 vertebrae
Forms part of the linea terminalis
What do the sacral foramina transmit?
Anterior and posterior branches of sacral nerves
What are the attachments of the inguinal ligament?
Anterior superior iliac spine to the pubic tubercle
What is the inguinal ligament the lower border of aponeurosis for?
The external oblique muscle
What is the main difference between the male and female pelvis?
The male superior aperture is heart shaped with maximum width close to the sacrum, whereas in females the superior aperture is more rounded and the maximum width is further in front of the sacrum
What two clinical conditions of the prostate can affect older men?
Prostate cancer
Benign prostatic hyperplasia
What is the spermatic cord?
A collection of structures suspending the testis in the scrotum, and runs to/from the testis
What are the contents of the spermatic cord?
Think FOAN:
3 fascial layers - external spermatic, cremasteric, internal spermatic fascia
3 other structures - pampiniform plexus, vas deferens, testicular lymphatics
3 arteries - deferential, testicular, cremasteric
3 nerves - genital branch of genitofemoral nerve, autonomic and visceral afferent fibres
(N.B. ilioinguinal nerve is not in the spermatic cord but runs next to it)
What problems may arise from a ‘back street’ abortion?
Perforation of the uterus
Bleeding
Infection of the peritoneal cavity
What are the two surrounding pouches in relation to the uterus called?
Anterior to uterus- uterovesical pouch
Posterior to uterus - rectouterine pouch (of Douglas)
Define antiflexion
Body of uterus is bent forward on the cervix
Define antiversion
The uterus is bend forwards at a 90 degree angle to the vagina
How do spermatogonia divide?
By mitosis
What are the names of the contractile cells which lie outside seminiferous tubules?
Peritubular myoid cells
Where are Sertoli cells located?
On the basement membrane within seminiferous tubules
What are Sertoli cells responsible for the formation of and why is this important?
The blood-testis barrier - important as it prevents autoimmune attack against the developing gametes
How do primary spermatocytes divide?
1st meiotic division
How to secondary spermatocytes divide? What do they become?
2nd meiotic division
Become spermatids
Are mature spermatozoa on the luminal or basal edge of the seminiferous tubule?
Luminal
Where are Leydig cells found?
Within interstitial tissue lying between seminiferous tubules
What do Leydig cells produce?
Testosterone
What tissue surrounds the penile urethra?
Corpus spongiosum
What is the erectile tissue of the penis known as?
Corpus cavernosum
What features of the corpus cavernosum allows for an erection?
Blood sinuses which allows for a large volume of blood to fill them, sinuses are separated by trabeculae of connective tissue and smooth muscle
Describe the histological changes in the epithelium of the urethra from the proximal end towards the external urethral meatus
Pseudostratified columnar to stratified squamous urothelium
How many layers of smooth muscle compose the wall of the ductus deferens?
3 layers
- middle circular, outer and inner longitudinal
What epithelium lines the ductus deferens?
Pseudostratified columnar epithelium with stereocilia
What are stereocilia?
Non-motile, apical modifications of the cells, distinct, but closely related to microvilli
What is the role of the pampiniform plexus of veins draining the testicles?
To try and remove heat from the blood
What is the clinical condition varicocoele?
Abnormal enlargement of the pampiniform plexus in the scrotum
What sort of tissue forms the stroma of the prostate?
Fibromuscular tissue
What clinical condition is associated with the stroma of the prostate?
Benign prostatic hyperplasia
The prostatic secretion is produced by the cuboidal/low columnar epithelial cells. Do you know any clinical conditions with which they are associated?
Prostatitis
In some of the secretory units of the prostate are amyloid bodies, which are eosinophilic bodies. What do they represent?
Inspissated (coagulated) secretion
