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A&P LAB WINTER > Lab 16: Reproductive System > Flashcards

Lab 16: Reproductive System Flashcards

1
Q

reproductive system includes

A
  • gonads (the primary sex organs)

* accessory reproductive structures (ducts, glands and external genitalia)

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2
Q

gonads

A

• produce gametes + sex hormones
Male: testes
Female: ovaries

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3
Q

sperm cells (other name)

A

spermatozoa

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4
Q

epididymis

A
  • highly coiled accessory duct

* Function: sperm mature and are stored.

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5
Q

ductus deferens (vas deferens)

  • what does it form
  • each end becomes?
A
  • form spermatic cord

* end of each ductus deferens enlarges to form an ampulla

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6
Q

urethra

  • from where to where?
  • 3 regions
A 
• extends from bladder to penis tip
• reproductive and urinary systems
• three regions: 
-prostatic urethra
-membranous urethra 
- penile (spongy) urethra
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7
Q

accessory glands of the male reproductive system

A
  • paired seminal vesicles + prostate gland + paired bulbourethral gland
  • secretions of these accessory glands form semen (seminal fluid)
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8
Q

internal penis

A

• 3 columns of erectile tissue (elastic connective tissue, smooth muscle and vascular channels)
•Tunica Albuginea: fibrous tissue that surrounds erectile tissues
Two dorsal columns are called
-corpora cavernosa
-corpus spongiosum: surrounding urethra
• During sexual arousal, the erectile tissue will fill with blood and cause enlargement and erection of the penis.

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9
Q

seminiferous tubules

A
  • coiled, makes up testes
  • Lined with germinal epithelium in various stages of development
  • Function: Location of meiosis and creation of male gametes
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10
Q

Spermatogenesis

A

process of sperm production occurs in the seminiferous tubules

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11
Q

Leydig cells (interstitial cell)

A

secrete testosterone

• necessary for spermatogenesis and for development of the secondary sexual characteristics in the male

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12
Q

ovaries

A
  • produce gametes that develop into mature egg cells (ova) after fertilization
  • produce the sex hormones - estrogen and progesterone
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13
Q

fimbriae

A

contain cilia that create currents in the peritoneal fluid that propel the ovulated oocyte from the ovary into the uterine tube, where it begins its journey to the uterus.

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14
Q

Fertilization of the oocyte

A
  • union of egg and sperm cell nuclei to form a zygote. Takes place in oviduct
  • occurs any time (up to 24 hours after ovulation) if sperm are present.
  • oocyte carried towards uterus by a combination of muscular peristalsis and beating of cilia lining the tube.
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15
Q

uterus

regions / layers

A

• divided into two regions: body + cervix
• The uterine wall consists of three layers
– perimetrium:
–myometrium: (smooth muscle for labor contractions)
–inner endometrium: two layer
> functional layer (stratum functionalis): site of implantation of fertilized ovum + subsequent shed during menstruation
>basal layer (stratum basalis): stays behind during period to regenerate new layer

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16
Q

vagina

A
  • nonkeratinized stratified squamous epithelium

- serves as a passageway for delivery of an infant and for menstrual flow

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17
Q

ovary histology

A

• divided into two regions:

  • the cortex: contains follicles + corpora lutea
  • medulla: interior part composed of loose connective tissue and blood vessels
18
Q

Oogenesis

A
  • Oogonium = diploid
  • Primary Oocyte= diploid meiosis I
  • Secondary Oocyte= haploid (these are the ones that get ovulated) Enter meiosis 2 but only complete it if they get fertilized
  • Ovum (egg)= haploid
19
Q

atresia

A

process before birth and during childhood where primary oocyte cells degenerate

20
Q

Name the hormone(s) the corpus luteum secretes.

A

estrogen and progesterone

21
Q

pathway of a sperm cell from the testes in the male to the site of fertilization of an ovulated oocyte in the female

A

testis —> epididymis —> ductus (vas) deferens —> ejaculatory duct —> prostate urethra —> membranous urethra —> spongy urethra —> vagina —> cervix —> uterus body —> oviduct

22
Q

Egg/sperm viabily

How to get pregnamt

A
  • An egg must be fertilized within 12 to 24 hours after ovulation
  • Sperm can remain viable for about 48 hours after deposition in the vagina
  • Pregnancy will most possibly occur if intercourse takes place from a few days before ovulation to 1 day after ovulation.
  • About 2000 spermatozoa (out of the 300 million that were ejaculated) reach the vicinity of the ovulated secondary oocyte in the distal oviduct.
23
Q

head of a sperm covered by

A

Acrosome: helmet-like structure
• Acrosomal enzymes and strong flagellar movements help the sperm penetrate the cells of the corona radiata and contact the zona pellucida

24
Q

blastocyst differential forms 2 things

A

inner cell mass forms embryo,

outer mass [trophoblast] forms placenta

25
Q

amniotic fluid function

A

cushions and protects the embryo from trauma and extreme temperatures, and keeps the fetal tissues moist

26
Q

what’s Amniocentesis?

A

Amniocentesis - drawing amniotic fluid to examine fetal cells

27
Q

What is Water broke during pregnancy

A

amnion may rupture, releasing the fluid when “one’s water breaks”

28
Q

Yolk Sac

A
  • Fomed by cells migrating from edge of the hypoblast to cover inner blastocyst cavity
  • Function: provides nourishment to the embryo while the placenta is being established
29
Q

chorion

A
  • chorion (encases embryo) = extraembryonic mesoderm + trophoblast
  • chorion develops chorionic villi
  • Blood vessels form in the chorionic villi for diffusion of gas/nutirents in embryo
30
Q

Gastrulation, what becomes what

A
  • Epiblast –> ectoderm
  • Hypoblast –>endoderm
  • cells proliferating in between –> mesoderm
31
Q

Allantois

A

develops from the endoderm and mesoderm, forms part of the urinary bladder/umbilical chord

32
Q

Germ Layers give rise to:

A
  • Ectoderm: epidermis, glands and nervous tissue.
  • Endoderm: epithelial lining and glands of the digestive and respiratory systems.
  • Mesoderm: muscle, blood, bones, the heart and kidneys
33
Q

What is an ectopic pregnancy?

A

When embryo implants somewhere other than a uterus such as a oviduct

34
Q

What is placenta previa?

A

Condition where placenta partially/completely blocks neck of uterus interfering with normal delivery of baby

35
Q

Explain the difference between dizygotic (fraternal) twins and monozygotic (identical) twins?

A
  • Identical (monozygotic) twins: develop when 1 egg is fertilized by 1 sperm to produce a single zygote. Developing embryo splits into 2 identical parts.
  • Fraternal (dizygotic) twins: when 2 eggs are released/fertilized by 2 different sperm
36
Q

Stages of Birth

-3 Stages

A

Stage 1: Cervix Dilation

  • dilation of the cervix, lasts 6-12 hours
  • Regular contractions occur, amniotic sac ruptures releasing the amniotic fluid (water broke)

Stage 2: Expulsion/ Delivery

  • cervix dilated completely (about 10 cm)
  • fetus passes through cervix and vagina within 2 hours.
  • Strong contractions occur every 2-3 minutes, mother utilizes abdominal muscles to “bear down”.
  • Once baby is out and is breathing on its own, the umbilical cord is cut and tied.

Stage 3: Afterbirth / Placental Delivery
-uterus contracts until the placenta (afterbirth) is expelled (~30 minutes post birth)

37
Q

labour hormone

A

Oxytocin - positive feedback system to increase the frequency/force of contractions

38
Q

What is a breech presentation?

A

Baby exists pelvis butt/feet first instead of normal head first orientation

39
Q

Women can experience “false” labour pains. How do these differ from true labour pains?

A
  • “Braxton Hicks” the bodies way of preparing for the real thing
  • They don’t happen at regular intervals, not painful, don’t feel stronger with time or increase with walking, they don’t feel loser together or last longer as you go
40
Q

Semen Function
- which carries the sperm during ejaculation, activates and produces certain nutrients for the sperm, and contains substances that neutralize the somewhat acidic environment in the vagina.

A
  • carries sperm during ejaculation
  • Activates/produces nutrients for sperm
  • contains substances that neutralize acidic vagina
41
Q

Spermatogenesis

A

• spermatogonia (diploid) - mitosis to make more
develop from primordial germ cells

  • primary spermatocytes (diploid) - miosis I (prim to second) gives rise to four sperm cells.
  • secondary spermatocytes (haploid) - miosis I (second to sperma)
  • spermatids (haploid)
  • Spermatozoa (sperm) (haploid) - Transformed by growing a flagellum and shedding most of its cytoplasm

A&P LAB WINTER (11 decks)

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