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A&P LAB WINTER > Lab 12: Circulatory System > Flashcards

Lab 12: Circulatory System Flashcards

1
Q

The circulatory system consists of

A

blood + blood vessels + heat

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2
Q

Blood travels within five main types of vessels

A

arteries, arterioles, capillaries, venules and veins (vary in diameter, length, and wall structure.)

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3
Q

cardiovascular system

A

heart + blood vessels.

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4
Q

BLOOD

  • cell type
  • function
A

• specialized connective tissue (contains cells and cell fragments, ground substance (plasma) and dissolved protein fibers)
Function
• transport media (oxygen, carbon dioxide, nutrients, hormones and wastes)
• maintain homeostasis (regulating pH, adjusting body temperature and maintaining osmotic pressure of cells)
• can clot (prevent excessive loss)

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5
Q

Blood average volume

A
  • 5-6 L in adult males

- 4-5 L in adult females.

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6
Q

Blood has two components:

A

(1) formed elements – cells and cell fragments
• the red blood cells (erythrocytes)
• white blood cells (leukocytes)
• platelets

(2) plasma

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7
Q

the red blood cells (erythrocytes)

A
  • most numerous (outnumber WBC 700:1)
  • non-nucleated biconcave discs
  • contain hemoglobin: oxygen-carrying pigment
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8
Q

white blood cells (leukocytes)

A

Granulocytes: contains granules

  • Neutrophil
  • Eosinophil
  • Basophil

Agranulocytes: no granules

  • Lymphocyte
  • Monocyte
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9
Q

Neutrophils

A
  • multilobed
  • 10-12 μm in diameter
  • 60 - 70%
  • Function: phagocytic (destroy pathogenic micro-organisms/ foreign matter)
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10
Q

Eosinophils

A
  • bilobed
  • 10-12 μm in diameter
  • 2 - 4%
  • Function: control local responses allergic reactions. defense against parasites.
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11
Q

Basophils

A
  • S-shaped nucleus
  • 8-10 μm in diameter
  • 0.5 - 1%
  • Function: involved in allergic reactions, releasing heparin and histamine that enhance the inflammatory response.
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12
Q

Lymphocytes

A
  • large nucleus (takes up whole thing)
  • small =6-9 μm; large =10-14 μm
  • 20 - 25% of the leukocyte population
  • Function: produce antibodies and other agents involved in the immune process.
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13
Q

Monocytes

A
  • horseshoe nucleus
  • 12-20 μm in diameter.
  • 3 - 8%
  • Function: highly phagocytic
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14
Q

Platelets

A
  • 150,000 to 400,000 per cubic millimeter of blood (1 mm3 = 1 μL = 10-6 liter).
  • Disc-shaped
  • 2-4 μm in diameter
  • contain many granules
  • no nucleus
  • Function: help stop blood loss from damaged vessels by forming a platelet plug and also help promote blood clotting.
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15
Q

Test: complete blood cell count

A

gives a profile of the number of red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets per cubic mm of blood (mm3);

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16
Q

Blood analysis: Performing a Differential White Blood Cell Count

A
  • Purpose: determine the percentage of each of the five types of leukocytes in a sample of blood
  • Function: deviation from the normal percentages of white blood cells may indicate a certain disease condition
  • RESULTS:
  • High neutrophil: bacterial infections or poisons, while a low percentage may be caused by a toxic reaction to certain drugs.
  • High eosinophil: may be due to presence of an allergy or parasitic infection
  • High lymphocyte: infectious mononucleosis, measles, mumps, and tuberculosis
  • High monocytes: tuberculosis, a protozoan infection, Hodgkin’s disease or infectious mononucleosis.
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17
Q

Blood analysis: Hematocrit

A

• The percentage of total blood volume occupied by RBCs is called the hematocrit and this value is about 45%

  • Males 40 - 54%
  • Females it is 38 - 46%.
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18
Q

Blood analysis: Hemoglobin Measurement

-2 test types

A
  • concentration of hemoglobin indicator of the oxygen-carrying capacity of the blood
  • 13.5 - 18 g/100 ml of blood for males
  • 12 - 16 g/100 ml of blood for females.

Measured: Tallquist Scale or Hemoglobinometer

19
Q

Blood analysis: Erythrocyte (Red Blood Cell) Count

A
  • low RBC count: Anemia
  • high RBC count: Polycythemia
  • Males: 4.5 – 6.5 million per cubic millimeter of blood
  • Females: 3.9 - 5.6 million/mm3 of blood
20
Q

Blood analysis: Leukocyte (White Blood Cell) Count

A
  • high WBC: bacterial infections, appendicitis, leukemia, pregnancy, ulcers and in many other conditions
  • low WBC: measles, infectious hepatitis, and cirrhosis of the liver, in persons who are receiving radiation or antibiotic therapy
  • Healthy: 5,000 and 10,000 WBC per cubic millimeter of blood
  • leukocytosis: WBC count more than 10,000
  • leukopenia: WBC count less than 5,000
21
Q

Blood analysis: Clotting Time

A

• Blood normally clots within 2 to 6 minutes.

22
Q

Anemia

A
  • decreased amount of hemoglobin in the bloo so decreased amount of oxygen will reach tissues.
  • result from a decreased production of erythrocytes if deficiencies in iron or Vitamin B12 occurred or if certain types of malignancies were present.
23
Q

Rh Factor

A

Rh factor
• a system including 12 surface antigens. (antigen D is the most antigenic)
• Rh positive (Rh+) = presence of antigen D
• no natural antibodies are present in the plasma
• Rh negative (Rh-) will form antibodies

24
Q

Blood Transfusions

A
  • unsuccessful transfusion = RBC agglutination (clumping)
  • Clumping destroyed by immune system, leading to hemolysis, possible kidney failure or death.
  • blood donations stored as RBC, without plasma (therefore free of antibodies)
  • RBCs Donation: when low oxygen-carrying capacity
  • Plasma Donation: when low blood volume
25
Q

_____ conduct blood away from the heart and _____conduct blood towards the heart. Interconnecting the two major blood vessel types are ______

A

ARTERIES conduct blood away from the heart and VEINS conduct blood towards the heart. Interconnecting the two major blood vessel types are microscopic CAPILIARIES

26
Q

Capiliaries

A
  • Interconnecting artiers and veins
  • single layer of endothelial cells (simple squamous cells) + basement membrane
  • Function: exchange of materials between the circulatory system and the tissues only occurs through the thin walled capillaries.
27
Q

Arteries

  • overview
  • distinguishing features
A
  • thick-walled
  • many elastic fibres + smooth muscle cells
  • conduct blood away from the heart
  • must be able to withstand the pressure of the blood as it is forced through the vessels by the pumping heart
  • able to recoil after the original distension in order to transmit pressure for the maintenance of blood flow

Distinguishing Features:
• smaller lumen
• thicker wall
• round artery shape (result of the large number of elastic fibers and smooth muscle cells in the wall of the artery)

28
Q

Veins

  • overview
  • distinguishing features
A
  • thin walls
  • few smooth muscle cells + few elastic fibres
  • conduct blood back toward the heart
  • sometimes functioning against the force of gravity.
  • Valves: adaptation for the prevention of the back flow of blood, located at regular intervals within most veins

Distinguishing Features:
• larger lumen
• thinner wall
• irregular shape and may be collapsed on the slide

29
Q

Artery: Structural Layers

A 
Tunica interna (intima) 
- elastica interna

Tunica media

Tunica externa (adventitia) 
- elastica externa
30
Q

Atria v. Ventricles

A

Atria - thin-walled receiving chambers for blood returning to the heart from veins
Ventricles - pumping chambers with thick muscular wall.

31
Q

What delivers blood to the heart

A
  • R/L. Coronary Arteries: base of the aorta to deliver 02 blood to capillaries over the heart surface
  • Coronary Veins: drain blood from capillaries –>coronary sinus
32
Q

Superior Vena Cava

A

delivers venous blood collected from:

- head, neck and arm regions –> right atrium.

33
Q

The human heart has three major branches off the aorta

A
  • the brachiocephalic artery
  • left common carotid artery
  • left subclavian artery
34
Q

Inferior Vena Cava

A

delivers venous blood collected from:

- lower body regions –> right atrium.

35
Q

Blood Flow through the heart

A

superior vena cava/inferior vena cava/coronary sinus –> –> right atrium –> [tricuspid valve] –> right ventricle –> [pulmonary semilunar valve] –> pulmonary trunk –> right/left pulmonary artery –> lungs –> R/L pulmonary veins –> left atrium –> [bicuspid valve] –> left ventricle –> [aortic semilunar valve] –> ascending aorta –> aortic arch–> rest of body

36
Q

coronary sinus

A

returns blood from myocardium

37
Q

2 major circulatory pathways

A

pulmonary circulation + systemic circulation.

38
Q

pulmonary circulation

A
  • arteries/veins transport blood: heart –> lungs –> heart
  • Start: R. Ventricle
  • End: L. Atrium
39
Q

systemic circulation

A
  • transports O2 blood to all body, returns deoxygenated blood to heart
  • Start: L. Ventricle
  • End: R. Atrium
40
Q

Fetal

A

blood carries on gas exchange in the placenta (since no air in lungs)

41
Q

foramen ovale

A
  • shunts blood from r. atrium to L. atrium

* Avoid lungs

42
Q

Placenta

A
  • Both fetal and maternal tissue
  • Large blood sinus that contain maternal blood
  • Umbilical cord = 2 umbilical arteries + 1 umbilical vein
  • The umbilical arteries meet the umbilical vein at the umbilicus (navel or belly button)
  • Umbilical vein is going from gas exchange to fetus (high oxygen) Only the umbilical vein contains oxygenated blood
  • Umbilical arteries is going from baby to placenta (low o2) branches of the internal iliac arteries
  • At birth, the umbilical vein, the umbilical arteries, the ductus venosus, the foramen ovale and the ductus arteriosus all close off permanently.
43
Q

ductus venosus

A

bypass liver
• hepatic portal vein (liver) –>inferior vena cava
• ductus venosus (bypass liver)–> inferior vena cava

44
Q

ductus Arteriorus

A

Avoid the Lungs
•right atrium (mix with superior vena cava)
-foramen ovale –> L. atrium
- pulmonary trunk. –> ductus arteriosus –> aorta

A&P LAB WINTER (11 decks)

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