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A&P LAB WINTER > Lab 15: Urinary and Endocrine Systems > Flashcards

Lab 15: Urinary and Endocrine Systems Flashcards

1
Q

kidneys

A

• main structural components of urinary system
• function: excretion and maintenance of a constant internal environment
- elimination of nitrogenous wastes
- elimination excess water/salt
- conservation proteins / glucose
• retroperitoneal - covered by peritoneum only on the portion next to the abdominal cavity

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2
Q

urogenital system

A

kidneys, renal pelvis, ureters, bladder and urethra

- grouped via same location/share certain passages

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3
Q

urinary bladder

A
  • pear-shaped, muscular organ
  • function: temporary storage of urine.
  • attached to body by mesentery and brim of pelvic canal by mesenteries.
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4
Q

kidney surrounded by 3 tissue layers

-what are their function?

A
  1. renal capsule (next to the kidney surface)
  2. middle adipose capsule
  3. renal fascia -(outer layer)

Function: layers help to protect the kidney from trauma and anchor it firmly in place

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5
Q

2 Mjor Kidney Sections

A
  • renal cortex: light red superficial region, granular in appearance.
  • renal medulla: deep to cortex, darker reddish-brown, contains cone-shaped masses called renal pyramids.
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6
Q

nephron

  • function
  • made up of
  • types of nephrons
A
  • functional unit of the kidney
  • perform all phases of urine formation
  • nephron = renal corpuscle + renal tubule

Types
• Cortical Nephrons: 85%, short loops of Henle, renal cortex area
• Juxtamedullary Nephrons: 15%, long loops of Henle, extend into medulla region

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7
Q

Renal corpuscle

A

= Bowman’s capsule + Glomerulus

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8
Q

Pathway of urine:

Start in Glomerulus until exit body

A

Glomerulus —> Bowman’s capsule—>proximal convoluted tubule—>descending limb —>loop of Henle—>ascending limb —> distal convoluted tubule —> collecting duct —>

Urine drains to base of pyramid (renal papillae)—> minor calyx—>major calyx—> renal pelvis—> ureter —> urinary bladder —>urethra

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9
Q

The nephrons are capable of producing a concentrated urine primarily through the processes of
-3

A
  • glomerular filtration
  • tubular reabsorption
  • tubular secretion
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10
Q

Glomerular Filtration

  • pass through
  • retainined
A
  • separates materials by size in relation to pores of filtration membrane
  • Urine formation begins when blood enters glomerular capillaries
  • Pass Through: Water, glucose, nitrogenous wastes
  • Retained in Blood: blood cells, proteins, macromolecules
  • Filtrate formed enters renal tubule
  • glomerular hydrostatic pressure: chief force pushing water/solutes out of blood across filtration membrane
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11
Q

Filtration

A

Passive process. Fluids/solutes forced through membrane by hydrostatic pressure

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12
Q

Tubular Reabsorption

A
  • Substances (Na+, Ca+, water, glucose) re-enter the blood

* Begins as soon as the filtrate enters the proximal convoluted tubule

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13
Q

Tubular Secretion

A
  • Substances that were too large to filter can enter urine from the blood (H+ ions, K+, etc)
  • Blood pH must be maintained at a constant level (approximately 7.4) at all times, therefore kidney excretes H+/OH-
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14
Q

antidiuretic hormone (ADH)

  • Function
  • Procuced by
  • Secreted by
  • When is it inhibited or release?
A
  • Function:controls volume of urine excreted and salt concetration
  • Produced: hypothalamus; Secreted: posterior pituitary gland
  • ADH Release: Pain, low blood pressure, and certain drugs (nicotine, morphine, and barbiturates)
  • ADH Inhibit: alcoholic beverages inhibit ADH secretion.
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15
Q

What happens with ADH when:

  • we drink lots of water
  • lose blood volume
A

Blood is diluted
• drink lots of water
• ADH production decreases
• large amount of dilute urine produced.

Osmotic Pressure (“saltiness”) of blood increases,
• drinking salt water / lose fluid (bleeding, sweating)
• production of ADH increases
• stimulates kidney tubules to reabsorb water from the filtrate back into the body.
• ADH is destroyed within 10 - 20 minutes after being released into the circulatory system.

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16
Q

Diabetes insipidus

A
  • Deficient ADH secretion
  • large amounts of urine produced
  • extreme thirst.
  • Can be managed with drugs/adequate water intake.
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17
Q

aldosterone

A
  • hormone produced by adrenal gland cortex
  • Function: maintain Na+ /K+ [ ] of extracellular fluids.
  • primary target = distal kidney tubules
  • stimulates Na+ reabsorption and K+ excretion.
18
Q

Abnormal Urine

  • pH
  • blood present
  • glucose present
  • protein present
  • Nitrites present
A

pH

  • normal range of pH values for urine is 4.8 to 7.5
  • acidic urine: diet high in protein and whole wheat
  • alkaline urine: vegetarian diet

Blood
- glomerular infection, physical trauma to kidney tissues, tuberculosis, tumors of the urinary tract, kidney stones or severe burns

Glucose
-diabetes mellitus

Proteins

  • glomerulonephritis or severe hypertension
  • protein may also appear during pregnancy
  • may appear following vigorous exercise or high protein intake

Nitrite
- bacterial infection

19
Q

Specific gravity

A
  • ratio of the mass of a substance to the mass of an equal volume of distilled water (solute : solvent)
  • SG distilled water = 1.0
  • urine = water + solutes
  • SG range 1.005 to 1.030 (higher the number, the greater the density of the urine)
  • Increase in water (in urine) = decrease in SG
20
Q

What would be the expected effect of each of the following conditions?
consumption of 500 ml water on urine volume:
consumption of caffeine (a diuretic) on urine volume:
consumption of an alkaline solution on urine pH:
vigorous exercise on urine volume:
vigorous exercise on the specific gravity of urine:

A

consumption of 500 ml water on urine volume:
- increase
consumption of caffeine (a diuretic) on urine volume:
- increase
consumption of an alkaline solution on urine pH:
- higher (more basic)
vigorous exercise on urine volume:
-decrease urine volume (sweat a lot so body conserves water to maintain
vigorous exercise on the specific gravity of urine:
- increase

21
Q

Why is there usually no glucose present in the urine? Why is there usually little or no protein present in the urine?

A

Why is there usually no glucose present in the urine?
-usually glucose is reabsorbed in the proximal convoluted tubule (active process) more than 99%

Why is there usually little or no protein present in the urine?
-proteins are too big to pass into bowman’s capsule during glomarular filtration so stay in blood

22
Q

Define diuresis

A
  • kidneys filter too much bodily fluid

* Increases urine production + bathroom frequency

23
Q

endocrine glands

A
  • (“ductless”) glands

* secretions called hormones

24
Q

Hormones

A
  • Chemical messengers secreted by cells into bloodstream.
  • Regulate metabolic functions of other cells.
  • The tissue specifically influenced by a particular hormone is termed the target tissue.
  • Hormones effects not immediate, but are long lasting
25
Q

Pituitary Gland

A

Controls/influences most of the other endocrine glands.
2 Lobes

Anterior Pituitary Gland

  • Glandular
  • 6 hormones (regulated by hypothalamus releasing factors)

Posterior Pituitary Gland

  • Neural tissue
  • 2 hormones (that are made by hypothalamus)
26
Q

Thyroid Stimulating Hormone (TSH)

A

stimulates thyroid gland.

27
Q

Adrenocorticotropic Hormone (ACTH)

A

stimulates cortex of adrenal glands

28
Q

Follicle-stimulating Hormone (FSH)

A

controls growth and functioning of gonads.

29
Q

Lutenizing Hormone (LH)

A

promotes production of gonadal hormones.

30
Q

Growth Hormone (GH)

A
  • promotes growth of all of the tissues in the body.

* works with glucagon to increase blood glucose levels.

31
Q

Prolactin (PRL)

A

stimulates the milk production of the mammary glands in lactating females.

32
Q

posterior pituitary gland

A

• does not manufacture any hormones of its own (not a “true” endocrine gland, only a storage area)

  • Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
  • Oxytocin: stimulates smooth muscle contractions in uterus for delivery of a baby. Stimulates milk ejection from the mammary glands in lactating females.
33
Q

Thyroxine

A

• Thyroid Hormone

  • affects metabolism of all tissues in body by stimulating glucose oxidation
  • increases metabolic rate, basal metabolic rate and body heat production.
34
Q

Calcitonin

A
  • Thyroid Hormone

* lower blood calcium levels by inhibiting bone break-down and promotes deposition of calcium in bones.

35
Q

adrenal gland

A
  • above kidney, flattened pyramid-shaped

* 2 distinct regions: outer cortex + inner medulla

36
Q

adrenal cortex

-3 zones

A
  • comprising 80-90% of the gland
  • produces many hormones known as corticosteroids, all synthesized from cholesterol.

•zona glomerulosa:
-outer,
makes aldosterone (increase reabsorption of Na/water, increase blood volume/pressure)
- secrete mineralocorticoids which affect mineral (electrolyte) concentrations of the body fluids

• zona fasciculata:
- makes cortisol (fighting stress, increasing glucose metabolism, and preventing inflammation)

• zona reticularis:
-inner, makes weak androgens (can be converted to testosterone and estrogen)

37
Q

adrenal medulla

A
  • innermost part of gland.
  • secrete epinephrine and norepinephrine in stressful situations and during exercise.
  • fight/flight
38
Q

pancreas

A
  • mixed gland composed of both exocrine and endocrine tissue
  • exocrine gland: produce digestive enzymes.
  • endocrine tissue: tiny cell clusters (Islets of Langerhans) produce insultine + glucagon
39
Q

Two major hormones are released from the Islets of Langerhans

A

Insulin

  • lowers the blood glucose level, Beta (β) cells
  • glucose –> muscle glycogen, liver glycogen, or fat

Glucagon

  • raises the blood glucose level, Alpha (α) cells
  • liver glycogen–> glucose
40
Q

Diabetes mellitus

A
  • insulin production is insufficient (Type I diabetes)

* insulin’s effectiveness on target tissues is reduced (Type 2 diabetes)

A&P LAB WINTER (11 decks)

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