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A&P LAB WINTER > Lab 11: Special Senses > Flashcards

Lab 11: Special Senses Flashcards

1
Q

Sensation

A

conscious/subconscious awareness of changes in internal/external environment.

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2
Q

General Senses

A
  • somatic senses - touch, pressure, pain, temperature and proprioception
  • visceral senses - provides information about internal organs
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3
Q

Special Senses

A
  • vision, hearing, equilibrium, taste and smell

* distinct receptor cells restricted to the head

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4
Q

Adipose tissue function in eye

A

padding and insulation within the orbit to protect the eye.

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5
Q

Sclera

A 
•“white of the eye”
•Function:  
- protects/shapes eyeball 
- provides sturdy anchoring site for extrinsic eye muscles
- oppose pulling forces of eye muscles
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6
Q

Cornea

A

• transparent, anterior portion of sclera
•Function:
- allows light to enter eye
- helps bend (refract) light rays so they focus on photoreceptors in retina.

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7
Q

Extrinsic eye muscles

A
  • skeletal muscles provide rotary movements of the eye
  • focus the eye for optimum vision
  • anchor the eye in the bony orbit
  • flat bands on the surface of the eye.
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8
Q

The wall of the eye is composed of three layers/tunics:

A
  • Outer Layer (Fibrous Tunic): sclera and the cornea.
  • Middle Layer (Vascular Tunic): iris, the ciliary body and the choroid
  • Inner Layer: retina
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9
Q

Iris

A

Function: Controls light that can enter back of eye

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10
Q

Lens

A

Function: flexible, changes shape to focus light

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11
Q

What is this fluid found in the anterior cavity in relation to the lens?
What is the function of this fluid?

A
  • Aqueous Humor
  • Clear, continuously fomred
  • Function: forms a fluid cushion, maintain constant intraocular pressure, supply oxygen and nutrients to lens/cornea and carry away metabolic waste
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12
Q

What is this fluid found in the posterior cavity in relation to the lens?
What is the function of this fluid?

A
  • Vitreous Humor
  • Jelly like fluid, formed during embryonic life and lasts a lifetime
  • Functions: help stabilize shape of eye, supports lens/retina, contributes to intraocular pressure
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13
Q

Ciliary Body

A

= ciliary processes + ciliary muscles
• ciliary muscles: control lens shape
• ciliary processes: contain capillaries that produce aqueous humor

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14
Q

Choroid

A
  • highly vascular and darkly pigmented tissue

* Function: absorb excess light rays to prevent reflection, can deliver oxygen and nutrients to retnia

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15
Q

Retnia

A

Two Layers
• Outer pigmented layer - absorbs light
• Inner Neural layer - photoreceptors (rods & cones) + bipolar cells + ganglion cells.

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16
Q

Optic Disc

A
  • ‘blind spot’
  • Light focused on this area cannot be seen because it lacks photoreceptors
  • where the optic nerve/blood vessles leave eye
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17
Q

Photoreceptors types

A

Cones:
• stimulated by bright light
• produce colour vision.

Rods:
• absent in fovea, more on periphery of retina
• stimulated by dimmer light
•produce shades of black, white and grey.

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18
Q

Macula Lutea

A

• The central portion of the macula lutea has a small depression known as the fovea centralis.

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19
Q

Fovea Centralis

A
  • area of greatest visual acuity (sharpness of vision)

* contains only cones

20
Q

Glaucoma

A
  • develops if drainage of aqueous humor is blocked

* intraoccular pressure increases

21
Q

Cataract

A

• Clouding of the lens

22
Q

Accommodation

A

lens of the eye must become more rounded or convex in shape in order to view objects at close range

23
Q

How do we see far (3)

A
  • ciliary muscles relax
  • suspensory ligaments stretch
  • lens flattens
24
Q

How do we see near (3)

A
  • cilliary muscles contract (close = ciliary = contract)
  • suspensory ligaments relax
  • lens buldges
25
Q

near point

A
  • The closest distance at which an object appears to be in sharp focus
  • change due to loss of lens elasticity
26
Q

Visual acuity

A

degree of “sharpness” of eyesight.

27
Q

Hyperopia (Hypermetropia)

A
  • can see far
  • short eyeball + flat lens
  • Fix = converging lens (convex)
28
Q

Myopia

A
  • can see close
  • long eyeball + curved lens
  • Fix = diverging lens (concave)
29
Q

Astigmatism

A
  • Astigmatism: cornea or lens has irregularities in the surface curvature
  • objects may be in focus in one axis and blurred in another axis.
30
Q

The ear is divided into 3 main regions

A
  • External ear: collects/channels sound waves inward
  • Middle ear: transfers sound vibrations to oval window
  • Internal ear: contains receptors for hearing/equilibrium.
31
Q

External Ear

A

Two parts: auricle/pinna + external auditory canal/meatus

32
Q

Auricle/pinna

A

•external ear, flap of skin/elastic cartilage

Function: Collects/directs sound waves into external auditory canal

33
Q

External auditory canal/meatus

A

•external ear
• ceruminous (wax) glands to trap forign bodies and repel insects
Function: conduct airborne sound to tympanic membrane.

34
Q

Tympanic Membrane

A

•external ear

Function - vibrates at frequency/amplitude of the sound that reaches it.

35
Q

Middle Ear

A
  • Air filled cavity in temporal bone
  • Auditory ossicles: Bones of axiel skeleton, malleus, incus stapes Functions: transmits and magnifies vibrations fo tympanic membrane to oval window (stapes sits here).
  • Auditory Tube
36
Q

Auditory (pharyngotympanic) tube or eustachian tube

A
  • middle ear
  • goes to nasal pharynx.
  • Funciton: used to equalize pressure on both sides of tympanic membrane to prevent it from rupturing.
37
Q

Inner Ear

A

Outer bony labyrinth

  • contains perilymph fluid.
  • cochlea + vestibule + semicircular canals

Inner membranous labyrinth

  • contains endolymph fluid
  • cochlear duct + saccule and utricle + semicircular ducts
38
Q

cochlear duct

A
  • contains organ of Corti, the receptor organ for hearing.
  • Special receptors (hair cells) convert sound waves into nervous impulses that are carried by the cochlear branch to the auditory area of cerebral cortex.
39
Q

saccule and utricle

A

• Hair cells contain receptors to detect static equilibrium

40
Q

semicircular ducts

A
  • receptors for maintaining dynamic equilibrium

* Ampulla: contains equilibrium receptors (crista ampularis) where we detect dynamic equilibrium

41
Q

Static vs. Dynamic Equilibrium:

A

Static Equilibrium: the position of head with respect to respect to gravity and linear acceleration. Saccule and utricle.

Dynamic equilibrium: position of head during rotational movement. Semicircular ducts.

42
Q

Smell

A
  • chemical sense
  • Receptors = neurons
  • Impulses from olfactory nerve (I) –> olfactory bulbs –> olfactory tracts –> primary olfactory area of cerebral cortex in temporal lobe.
43
Q

Olfactory Adaptation

A

an adaptation of olfactory receptors to a certain smell. After you smell something for a while you stop detecting the smell.

44
Q

Taste

A
  • chemical sense

* receptors = modified skin cells

45
Q

taste bud

A
  • oval structure containing taste cells, supporting cells and basal cells
  • Taste buds generally respond to a mixture of the five basic tastes.
  • a single taste cell has receptors for only one of the basic taste sensations.
46
Q

Five primary or basic

A
  • sweet - organic substances (sugars, alcohols, some amino acids)
  • sour - hydrogen ions (citric acid of lemon juice)
  • bitter - nitrogen (caffeine, quinine, and nicotine)
  • salt - metal ions (sodium and potassium)
  • umami (savoury beef) - glutamate or other amino acids
  • may also be a possible sixth taste that accounts for a liking of fatty foods
  • all areas of the tongue can detect all five taste sensations.

A&P LAB WINTER (11 decks)

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