Lab 15 Urinary and Endocrine System Flashcards
What is the main structural component of the urinary system?
The Kidneys.
What is the function of the kidneys?
- The elimination of waste products including nitrogenous wastes, water, and salts.
- The conservation of proteins and glucose in the body.
Define RETROPERITONEAL regarding the kidneys.
The kidneys are only covered by peritoneum on the portion next to the abdominal cavity. They are embedded in fat along the dorsal wall of the body.
What is the hilus of the kidney?
The indented medial boarder where the lymphatic vessels leave the organ.
What are the 3 layers of the kidneys from inner to outermost.
1) Renal Capsule: inner layer
2) Adipose Capsule: middle layer
3) Renal Fascia: outer most layer
What is the functional unit of the kidney?
Nephron
What percentage of nephrons are Loops of Henle (Juxtamedullary nephrons)?
15%
Bowman’s capsule is fed by the (afferent/efferent)m arteriole and drained by the (afferent/efferent) arteriole.
fed: afferent
drained: efferent
State the pathway of urine through a Juxtamedullary nephron.
1) glomerular capsule (Bowman’s Capsule)
2) Proximal Convoluted Tubule
3) Descending Limb
4) Loop of Henle
5) Ascending Limb
6) Distal Convoluted Tubule
7) Collecting Duct
- Ureter, Bladder, Urethra
What substances that enter the glomerulus during filtration and pass through to the renal tubule?
Water, amino acids, urea, ions
What is Tubular Reabsorption?
The process in which substances the body needs (glucose, amino acids, Na, Ca, Cl, and water) re-enter the blood from the filtrate.
What is the process by which substances enter the filtrate from the blood in the peritubular capillaries that were not passed into filtrate during glomerular filtration and leave the body in urine.
Tubular Secretion.
What is the normal range of pH values for urine?
4.8-7.5
What hormone is produced in the hypothalamus and secreted in the pituitary gland?
Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
What hormone helps maintain the sodium and potassium concentration of extracellular fluids and is produced in the adrenal glands.
Aldosterone
Define specific gravity.
Is the ratio of the mass of a substance to the mass of an equal volume of distilled water. In urine it is the relative amount of solute to solvent.
Define diuresis.
Excessive production of urine.
Which 2 hormones are secreted by the posterior lobe of the pituitary gland?
ADH and oxytocin
What are the functions of oxytocin?
- stimulates smooth muscles contractions in the uterus for delivery
- milk ejection from mammary glands
- sexual arousal and affectionate behaviors in males
Which protein are Thyroxin (T4) and Triiodothyroxine (T3) derived from?
Thyroglobulin
Parafollicular cells are produced by which hormone of the thyroid gland?
Calcitonin.
What are the 3 zones of the adrenal cortex of the adrenal gland.
1) Zona Glomerulus
2) Zona Fasiculata
3) Zona Reticularis
Which hormone does the zona glomerulus secret?
Aldosterone; stimulates the kidneys to retain sodium in the body fluids and excrete potassium in the urine.
Which adrenal cortex zone secrets the adrenal sex hormones?
Zona Reticularis
Cortisol which is a stress fighting hormone is produced where in the adrenal glands?
Zona Fasiculata
Where are epinephrine and norepinephrine secreted?
Adrenal Medulla of the adrenal glands.
Where is the pancreas located?
Between the duodenum and the stomach.
What percentage of exocrine and endocrine glands are located in the pancreas?
Exocrine 98%
Endocrine 2% (Islets of Langerhans)
What are the affects of blood glucose level regarding insulin?
Insulin lower blood glucose level and is released by Beta (b) cells in the Islets.
Which hormone increases blood glucose levels and is released by Alpha (a) cells in the Islets?
Glucagon
