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Caroline > Lab 1 > Flashcards

Lab 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What structure is this?

A

Pyramidal & pyramidal decussation

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2
Q

What is the function of Pyramidal & pyramidal decussation?

A

The crossing of the corticospinal tract so that the brain controls the opposite side of the body.

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3
Q

Gray matter

A

-unmyelinated axons
-process information, release new information
-control movement, memory, emotions

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4
Q

White matter

A

-myelinated axons
-messages pass between different areas of gray matter within the CNS
-conduct, process, and send nerve signals up and down the spinal cord

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5
Q

What is the function of the Gracile fasciculus

A

main touch pathway: carries sensory information (fine touch, proprioception, and vibration) from the lower body (below T6)

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6
Q

What structure is this?

A

cerebellum

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7
Q

What is the function of then Cuneate fasciculus

A

carries sensory information (fine touch, proprioception, and vibration) from the upper body (above T6)

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8
Q

Identify what spinal region is depicted
Identify the gracile fasciculus, gray matter, and white matter.

A

Cervical

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9
Q

What is the function of the cerebellum?

A

coordinates movement

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10
Q

Identify what spinal region is depicted
Identify the gracile fasciculus, gray matter, and white matter.

A

Thoracic

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11
Q

Identify what spinal region is depicted
Identify the gracile fasciculus, gray matter, and white matter.

A

Lumbar

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12
Q

What structure does the spinal cord extend from?

A

medulla oblongata

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13
Q

Identify what spinal region is depicted
Identify the gracile fasciculus, gray matter, and white matter.

A

Sacral

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14
Q

What is the order from smallest to largest of the gray matter in the different spinal cord levels?

A

Thoracic, Cervical, Lumbar, Sacral

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15
Q

Why does the cervical, lumbar, and sacral have the largest amounts of grey matter?

A

They have more motor neuronal cell bodies in their ventral horn in order to innervate the upper and lower limbs.

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16
Q

What is the order from smallest to largest of the white matter in the different spinal cord levels?

A

Sacral, Lumbar, Thoracic, Cervical

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17
Q

What is the function of the spinal cord?

A

pathway for messages sent
by the brain to the body and
from the body to the brain.

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18
Q

What is the order from smallest to largest of the gracile fasciculus in the different spinal cord levels?

A

sacral, lumbar, thoracic, cervical

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19
Q

What structure is this?

A

uncus

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20
Q

What is the function of the uncus?

A
  • olfactory processing (smell) as it is part of the olfactory cortex.
  • role in memory and emotion through its connections with the amygdala and hippocampus.
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21
Q

gracile nucleus

A

-dorsal column nuclei
-sensation of fine touch and proprioception of the lower body

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22
Q

what structure is this?

A

parahippocampal gyrus

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23
Q

what is the function of the parahippocampal gyrus?

A
  • memory formation- spatial memory (memory of environments and locations).
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24
Q

cuneate nucleus

A

carries infö from the upper body and upper limbs

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25
Q

What is the function of the cervical nerves?

A
  • The cervical nerves control sensory and motor functions
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26
Q

Is this the inferior or superior part of the medulla? How do you know?

A

Inferior medulla
- presence of cuneate and gracile nucleus along with the pyramidal decussation

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27
Q

Label the identified lobes of the brain

A
28
Q

What is the main function of the frontal lobe?

A

*Higher cognitive functions - decision-making, problem-solving, planning

Motor control - contains the primary motor cortex (voluntary movement)

Social behavior, emotions and personality

29
Q

What is the main function of the parietal lobe?

A

Sensory integration (touch, pain, temperature), and also spatial and body awareness

Helps you interact and navigate the world around you

30
Q

What is the main function of the occipital lobe?

A

Visual processing and interpretation -color, form and motion

31
Q

What is the main function of the temporal lobe?

A

Auditory processing (primary auditory cortex), some vestibular, memory

32
Q

what is the function of the Inferior olivary nucleus?

A

Coordinates signal from the spinal cord to the cerebellum to regulate motor coordination and learning

33
Q

what is the function of the Corticospinal tract?

A

collection of axons that carry movement-related information from the cerebral cortex to the spinal cord; part of the descending spinal tract system that originate from the cortex or brainstem

34
Q

what structure is this?

A

corticospinal tract
(pyramid tract)

35
Q

what is the function of the Middle cerebellar peduncle?

A

connects the cerebellum to the pons; largest afferent system of the cerebellum; pontocerebellar tract fibers arising from the contralateral pontine nuclei

?

36
Q

what is the function of the 4th ventricle?

A

protect the human brain from trauma and to help form the central canal; roof and floor; cushioning effect

37
Q

what is the function of the cerebellar peduncles?

A

main highway for signals that need to be transported to/from the cerebellum to other parts of the central nervous system; motor control, balance, posture

38
Q

what is the function of the cerebral aqueduct?

A

narrow 15 mm conduit that allows for cerebrospinal uid (CSF) to ow between the third ventricle and fourth ventricle

39
Q

what is the function of the periaqueductal gray matter? Where is it located

A

modulation and propagation of pain, sympathetic responses; learning and action of defensive and aversive behavior
Around cerebral aqueduct

40
Q

what is the function of the inferior colliculus?

A

sound localization, frequency determination, and integration of auditory with non-auditory systems

41
Q

what is the function of the superior colliculus? Where would you see this

A

visual, auditory, and somatosensory information are integrated to initiate motor commands to the eyes; receives signals from the retina, orienting reflex
Superior midbrain

42
Q

what is the function of the substantia nigra? Where would you find this

A

production of dopamine (reward); body movements; chemical signaling-affects learning, mood, judgment, decision-making and other processes

Midbrain

43
Q

what is the function of the cerebral Peduncles?

A

Cerebral peduncles - cerebrum to brain stem, have many tracts

assist in refining motor movements, learning new motor skills, and converting proprioceptive information into balance and posture maintenance; corticospinal, corticopontine, corticobulbar tracts run through here

44
Q

what strucutre is labelled in red?

A

middle cerebellar peduncle

45
Q

what structure is in green?

A

4th ventricle

46
Q

what structure is in blue?

A

corticospinal tract

47
Q

what structure is in red?

A

periaqueductal gray matter

48
Q

what structure is in orange?

A

cerebral aqueduct

49
Q

what structure is in green?

A

superior colliculus

In superior midbrain

50
Q

what structure is in blue?

A

substantia nigra

51
Q

Where is the post central gyrus located and what is its main function?

A

In the parietal lobe, contains the primary somatosensory cortex (processing sensory input)

52
Q

Where is the precentral gyrus and what is its main function?

A

In the frontal lobe, contains the primary motor cortex (controls voluntary movements of the CONTRALATERAL side)

53
Q

The central sulcus is also referred to as the

A

rolandic fissure

54
Q

What does the central sulcus seperate?

A

Frontal and parietal lobes AKA the motor and sensory complexes

55
Q

The lateral Sulcus is also referred to as

A

Sylvian fissure

56
Q

What does the lateral sulcus separate?

A

the temporal loves from the frontal and parietal lobe

57
Q

What is the main function of the cerebellum?

A

Coordinates movement!

also balance, motor learning

58
Q

What is the function of the Pons?

A

regulates breathing rhythm with the medulla, regulates sleep-wake cycle

communication bridge between cerebrum and cerebellum

59
Q

What is the main function of the medulla?

A

controls autonomic vitals such as heart rate, BP, and reflexes

60
Q

Mammillary bodies are part of the ____ system and have what major function?

A

Limbic system

links emotions to memories and helps with memory recall

61
Q

The fusiform gyrus is also called the ___ gyrus, and helps with what?

A

occipital/temporal

high level facial recognition, object recognition, letter/word recognition (reading)

62
Q

The inferior olive sends signals to the cerebellum regarding what?

A

fine-tuning movement - timing, comparing intended with achieved movements

63
Q

Label the identified structures

A
64
Q

Label the identified structure

A

Mammillary bodies

65
Q

Label the identified structure

A

Inferior olive

66
Q

Label the identifies structure

A

Fusiform gyrus

67
Q

Identify the following 4 landmarks

A

Caroline (20 decks)

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