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Fundamentals of Anatomy & Developmental Biology > L9: Musculoskeletal Anatomy > Flashcards

L9: Musculoskeletal Anatomy Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the axial skeleton?

A

Bones of the head (cranium/skull), neck and trunk

The axial skeleton supports the central axis of the body.

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2
Q

What is the appendicular skeleton?

A

Bones of the limbs including the pectoral and pelvic girdles

The appendicular skeleton aids in movement and interaction with the environment.

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3
Q

How many bones do humans have?

A

Approximately 206 bones
The number of bones can change with age as some bones fuse together.

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4
Q

From which embryonic layer is the axial skeleton derived?

A

Mesoderm, specifically from somites

Somites are blocks of mesoderm that give rise to skeletal muscle, vertebrae, and dermis.

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5
Q

From which embryonic layer is the appendicular skeleton derived?

A

Lateral plate mesoderm

This layer contributes to the formation of the limbs.

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6
Q

What is cartilage?

A

Semi-rigid, more flexible, non-vascularized tissue

Cartilage provides support and cushioning at joints.

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7
Q

What are the characteristics of bones?

A

Living tissue, rigid, some elasticity

Bones are dynamic structures that undergo constant remodeling.

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8
Q

List three functions of bones.

A
  • Provide support and protection
  • Provide the mechanical basis for movement (leverage)
  • Storage of calcium and other minerals
  • Contain blood stem cells

.

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9
Q

What are the two types of bone structure?

A

Compact bone and spongy bone

Compact bone is dense and forms the outer layer, while spongy bone is lighter and contains bone marrow.

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10
Q

Fill in the blank: The skeletal system provides the mechanical basis for _______.

A

movement

This is crucial for locomotion and various physical activities.

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11
Q

What are the two main types of bone structure?

A

Compact bone and spongy bone

Compact bone is the outer layer, while spongy bone is more central.

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12
Q

What is the role of bone marrow?

A

Blood cell formation and fat storage

Bone marrow can be yellow (fatty) or red (blood cell forming).

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13
Q

What is the term for the end of a long bone closest to the head?

A

Proximal epiphysis

The proximal epiphysis is one of the two ends of a long bone.

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14
Q

What is the term for the end of a long bone furthest from the head?

A

Distal epiphysis

The distal epiphysis is opposite the proximal epiphysis.

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15
Q

What is the area of bone growth in long bones called?

A

Epiphyseal growth plate

This area is crucial for the elongation of bones.

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16
Q

What does metaphysis contain?

A

Growth plate

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17
Q

What is the outer layer of bone called?

A

Compact (cortical) bone

This layer is dense and provides strength.

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18
Q

What is the inner structure of bone that contains marrow?

A

Medullary cavity

The medullary cavity houses yellow and red bone marrow.

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19
Q

What type of bone is more central and has a porous structure?

A

Spongy (trabecular) bone

This type of bone is lighter and provides support.

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20
Q

What is the function of the periosteum?

A

Provides blood supply and innervation to compact bone

The periosteum is rich in nociceptive nerves and nutrient arteries.

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21
Q

Fill in the blank: The _____ is a thin layer of tissue that covers the outer surface of bones.

A

Periosteum

The periosteum plays a role in bone healing and growth.

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22
Q

True or False: Bones are vascularized and innervated.

A

True

Bones have nutrient arteries and are innervated by Sharpey’s fibers.

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23
Q

What is the term for the growth area between the epiphysis and diaphysis?

A

Metaphysis

The metaphysis is where growth occurs during childhood.

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24
Q

What type of bone marrow is primarily responsible for blood cell formation?

A

Red bone marrow

Red marrow is found in spongy bone and is crucial for hematopoiesis.

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25
Q

What type of bone is primarily fatty and found in the medullary cavity?

A

Yellow bone marrow

Yellow marrow serves as an energy reserve.

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26
Q

What structure covers the ends of bones where they articulate at joints?

A

Articular cartilage

This cartilage reduces friction and absorbs shock at the joint.

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27
Q

What is each bone covered by?

A

Periosteum

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28
Q

What are the majority type of bones classified as?

A

Long bones

Long bones are the most common type found in the human body and include bones such as the femur and humerus.

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29
Q

What shape are short bones classified as?

A

Cuboidal

Short bones are typically found in the wrist and ankle.

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30
Q

Example of irregular bones

A

Bones of the face

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31
Q

What are sesamoid bones?

A

Bones that develop within tendons

An example of a sesamoid bone is the patella, commonly known as the knee cap.

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32
Q

What are the elevations in superficial bone markings?

A

Appear on bones where ligaments & tendons attach
E.g head, spine

These terms refer to various projections and ridges found on bones.

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33
Q

What are the depressions and holes in superficial bone markings?

A

Indentations & openings in bones
E.g facet, fossa, groove, foramen, notch

34
Q

What is the role of the epiphyseal plate in bone development?

A

It serves as the growth plate where new bone tissue is generated.

35
Q

What is the perichondrium?

A

A layer of connective tissue that surrounds cartilage.

36
Q

What happens to hypertrophic cartilage during bone development?

A

It degenerates.

37
Q

What is the fetal hyaline cartilage model?

A

A precursor to bone that develops in the fetus.

38
Q

What forms around the diaphysis during bone development?

A

A periosteal bone collar.

39
Q

What is the primary ossification center?

A

The area in the diaphysis where bone begins to replace cartilage.

40
Q

What do epiphyseal blood vessels contribute to?

A

They supply blood to the developing bone.

41
Q

What forms in the epiphyses during bone development?

A

Secondary ossification centers.

42
Q

What is formed from the ossified shaft of bone?

A

Diaphysis.

43
Q

What remains as cartilage after bone replaces it?

A
  • Articular cartilage
  • Epiphyseal plates

These structures are crucial for joint function and growth.

44
Q

What occurs when epiphyseal plates ossify?

A

They form epiphyseal lines.

45
Q

What are the two types of ossification mentioned?

A
  • Intramembranous ossification
  • Endochondral ossification

These are the processes through which bone is formed.

46
Q

Fill in the blank: The _______ is the area where compact bone develops.

A

Medullary cavity

47
Q

Describe events of bone development

A

1) Fetal hyaline cartilage model develops
2) Cartilage calcifies, periosteal bone collar forms around diaphysis
3) Primary ossification center forms in the diaphysis
4) Secondary ossification center forms in the epiphyses
5) Bone replaces cartilage, except articular cartilage & epiphyseal plates
6) Epiphyseal plates ossify & form epiphyseal lines

48
Q

True or False: Articular cartilage is replaced by bone during development.

A

False.

49
Q

What is the significance of Alcian blue in bone development?

A

It stains cartilage.

50
Q

What does Alizarin red indicate in the context of bone development?

A

It stains calcified bone.

51
Q

Why is the timing of ossification important?

A

It helps in the determination of bone age and forensic age determination.

52
Q

What factors can affect the variability of bone development?

A

Nutritional status and diseases.

53
Q

What role do fibroblasts play in bone healing?

A

They secrete collagen that forms the collar of a callus.

54
Q

Which cells are involved in the remodeling of bone?

A

Osteoblasts and osteoclasts.

55
Q

What is the first step in the bone healing process after a fracture?

A

Formation of a hematoma.

56
Q

What follows the formation of a hematoma in bone healing?

A

Inflammation.

57
Q

True or False: Bones are static structures that do not change over time.

A

False.

58
Q

What percentage of bone mass is recycled per week?

A

5-7%.

59
Q

Fill in the blank: The process of _______ refers to the formation and remodeling of bone.

A

Bone Formation

60
Q

What is the process called when bone is continuously remodeled?

A

Bone Remodeling.

61
Q

What are the major types of joints?

A
  • Synovial joints
  • Fibrous joints
  • Cartilaginous joints

Each type has distinct characteristics and functions in the musculoskeletal system.

62
Q

What do synovial joints contain?

A

Joint capsule (fibrous layer + synovial membrane), joint cavity filled with synovial fluid

Synovial joints are the most common type and are primarily responsible for movement.

63
Q

Give two examples of fibrous joints.

A
  • Syndesmosis
  • Gomphosis (socket for roots of teeth)

These joints are typically immovable or only allow slight movement.

64
Q

What are the two types of cartilaginous joints?

A
  • Primary (developmental)
  • Secondary (e.g. intervertebral discs)

Cartilaginous joints allow for more movement than fibrous joints but less than synovial joints.

65
Q

What is Hilton’s law?

A

The nerves supplying a joint also supply the muscles that move the joint

This law highlights the relationship between joint innervation and muscle function.

66
Q

What type of joint is characterized by a rounded process of bone fitting into a bony socket, allowing rotation?

A

Pivot joint

An example of a pivot joint is the atlanto-axial joint between the atlas (C1) and axis (C2) vertebrae.

67
Q

What type of movement do hinge joints permit?

A

Flexion and extension

Hinge joints are uniaxial and primarily allow movement in one plane.

68
Q

What type of joint allows movement in two different planes?

A

Saddle joint

An example is the carpometacarpal joint of the thumb.

69
Q

Fill in the blank: The knee joint is an example of a _______ joint.

A

Synovial joint

Synovial joints are the primary joints of movement in the body.

70
Q

What type of joint is the hip joint classified as?

A

Ball and socket joint

Ball and socket joints permit movement on several axes.

71
Q

True or False: Plane joints permit flexion and extension.

A

False

Plane joints typically permit gliding or sliding movements.

72
Q

What type of joint permits flexion, extension, abduction, adduction, and circumduction?

A

Condyloid joint

An example of a condyloid joint is the metacarpophalangeal joint.

73
Q

Main features of skeletal muscle

A
  • Striated, tubular, multinucleated fibres
  • Voluntary
  • Attached to skeleton
74
Q

Define multinucleated fibres

A

Form by fusion of multiple muscular cells

75
Q

Main features of smooth muscle

A

– Non-striated, spindle-shaped & uninucleated
- Involuntary
- Covering wall of internal organs

76
Q

Main features of cardiac muscle

A
  • Striated, branched & uninucleated fibres
  • Involuntary
  • Cover walls of the heart
77
Q

How are muscles attached via?

A

Tendons

78
Q

3 types of contractions

A

1) Reflexive
2) Tonic
3) Phasic (Isotonic or Isometric)

79
Q

Define reflexive, tonic contraction

A

Reflexive: Involuntary
Tonic: Muscle constantly working except during sleep/under anaesthesia

80
Q

Define isotonic & isometric contraction

A

Isotonic: Muscle changes in length
Isometric: Length remains constant

81
Q

2 types of contraction within isotonic contraction

A

1) Concentric
2) Eccentric

82
Q

Define hypertrophy

A

Muscles growing in response to activity

Fundamentals of Anatomy & Developmental Biology (9 decks)

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