L9 - Marine Mammals and Whaling

Question 1

What are the 4 groups of marine mammals?

Answer 1

1. Cetaceans
2. Pinnipeds
3. Sirenians
4. Carnivora

Question 2

What are the 3 species of Monk Seal and which is extinct?

Answer 2

1. Hawaiian Monk Seal
2. Mediterranean Monk Seal
3. Caribbean Monk Seal – Extinct!

Question 3

In what year, was the Hawaiian Monk Seal designated as endangered?

Answer 3

1976

Question 4

Give 4 threats facing the Hawaiian Monk Seal

Answer 4

1. Predation by Sharks
2. Low Pup Survival
3. Entanglement
4. Ciguatera intoxication

Question 5

What is the most common species of seal?

Answer 5

Crabeater Seal

Question 6

Give 4 threats facing the Mediterranean Monk Seal

Answer 6

1. Hunting
2. Bycatch
3. Entanglement
4. Habitat Loss

Question 7

What are the 2 species of seal found in UK coastal waters?

Answer 7

1. Grey Seal

2. Harbour Seal

Question 8

What are the main threats to UK coastal seals?

Answer 8

Commercial fishing, pollution, entanglement, ingestion of plastic and uptake of power station waters from the US

Question 9

What is the main cause of death from Phocine Distemper Virus?

Answer 9

Secondary Infections

Question 10

What species of seal is in competition with the Atlantic Cod fisheries?

Answer 10

North Atlantic Harp Seal

Question 11

Which pinniped is in competition with pollock fisheries?

Answer 11

Steller Sea Lion

Question 12

What are the 2 main carnivora?

Answer 12

1. Polar Bear

2. Sea Otter

Question 13

What are the 4 species of sirenians?

Answer 13

1. West Indian Manatee
2. West African Manatee
3. Amazonian Manatee
4. Dugong Dugong

Question 14

How much seagrass does a sirenian eat each day?

Answer 14

15kg/day

Question 15

What are the 2 main threats to sirenians?

Answer 15

1. Habitat Loss

2. Boat Collision

Question 16

Give 3 conservation efforts that are in place to protect sirenians

Answer 16

1. US Fish and Wildlife Service
2. Florida Manatee Trust
3. Shark Netting Programmes in Queensland, AUS

Question 17

What are the 5 main threats to cetaceans?

Answer 17

1. Whaling
2. Bycatch from Fisheries
3. Competition for Food
4. Cetacean Decompression Sickness
5. Noise Pollution

Question 18

Give 2 examples of cetaceans the are difficult to study

Answer 18

1. Snubnose Dolphin (~1000)

2. Spade Toothed Whale (Only seen 5 Times Ever!)

Question 19

Give 3 additional issues other than whaling

Answer 19

1. Japanese Near-Shore Cetacean Hunts
2. Bycatch
3. Noise Pollution and Impacts on Echo Location

Question 20

What does CCAMLR stand for?

Answer 20

Convention for the Conservation of Antarctic Marine Life Resources (1982)

Question 21

How much is a Patagonian tooth fish sold for as a Chilean Sea Bass?

Answer 21

$1000/fish

Question 22

How many tonnes of krill are consumed by crabeater seals, whales and birds?

Answer 22

Crabeater Seals: 120 mT/Year
Whales: 130 mT/Year
Birds: 120 mT/Year

Question 23

How many tonnes of krill are commercially fished each year and which 3 nations are responsible?

Answer 23

300,000 tonnes/year

Japan, Korea and Russia

Question 24

How dense are the swarms of krill in Antarctica?

Answer 24

10,000 individuals per metre squared

Question 25

Why are icefish endangered?

Answer 25

Overfishing

Question 26

Antarctica is an example of an ecosystem in what?

Answer 26

Fine Balance

Question 27

What do Icefishes not have in their blood?

Answer 27

Red Blood Cells

Question 28

Why is the data quality we have on whales declining?

Answer 28

Because it was previously based on catch data

Question 29

Which national still commercially whale?

Answer 29

Iceland, Norway and Japan

Question 30

What is the most controversial species that is being whaled?

Answer 30

Minke Whale

Question 31

What type of whaling is legal?

Answer 31

Scientific

Question 32

What species of whale has never been commercially whaled?

Answer 32

Pilot Whale

Question 33

What is the IWC?

Answer 33

International Whaling Commission (1946)

Question 34

What are the 3 stock classifications set by the IWC?

Answer 34

1. Sustainable Management Stock (SMS): 90-120% of MSY 2. Initial Management Stock (IMS): >120% MSY 3. Protection Stock (PS):

Question 35

Calves and parents with calves can be whaled - true of false?

Answer 35

False

Question 36

What 4 things is the pay for whaling dependent on?

Answer 36

1. Size 2. Sex 3. Species 4. Number

Question 37

Give 3 additional whaling problems

Answer 37

1. Ethics 2. Biological Disruption 3. Human Issues (Meat Toxicity)

Question 38

What 7 things have to be recorded during whaling?

Answer 38

1. Time of Hauling 2. Length 3. Sex 4. Lactating (Y or N?) 5. Foetus Length and Sex 6. Infraction of Whaling Law 7. Number of Whales Hit and Hauled

Question 39

What must samples be taken of from the whale?

Answer 39

Ovaries, Teeth and Ear Plug

Question 40

What can the ear plug of a whale tell you about?

Answer 40

Health and Breeding Success

Question 41

Which Article and Convention focuses on Scientific Whaling?

Answer 41

Article 8 of the International Convention on the Regulation of Whaling (1982)

Question 42

What is it argued that you can get data from non-lethal methods?

Answer 42

It is argued that you can get the same data from the whales facies, but Japan argues you cannot

Question 43

The Southern Ocean is a ratified what?

Answer 43

Sanctuary

Question 44

Minke Whales in the North Atlantic have what stock status?

Answer 44

Protection Stock (but still whaled by Iceland and Norway!)

Question 45

What 4 things must be included in a scientific whaling permit?

Answer 45

1. Objective of the Research 2. Number/Size/Sex to be Caught 3. Potential for International Collaboration 4. Expected effects on Stock Conservation