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Marine Conservation Science > L9 - Marine Mammals and Whaling > Flashcards

L9 - Marine Mammals and Whaling Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 4 groups of marine mammals?

A
  1. Cetaceans
  2. Pinnipeds
  3. Sirenians
  4. Carnivora
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2
Q

What are the 3 species of Monk Seal and which is extinct?

A
  1. Hawaiian Monk Seal
  2. Mediterranean Monk Seal
  3. Caribbean Monk Seal – Extinct!
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3
Q

In what year, was the Hawaiian Monk Seal designated as endangered?

A

1976

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4
Q

Give 4 threats facing the Hawaiian Monk Seal

A
  1. Predation by Sharks
  2. Low Pup Survival
  3. Entanglement
  4. Ciguatera intoxication
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5
Q

What is the most common species of seal?

A

Crabeater Seal

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6
Q

Give 4 threats facing the Mediterranean Monk Seal

A
  1. Hunting
  2. Bycatch
  3. Entanglement
  4. Habitat Loss
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7
Q

What are the 2 species of seal found in UK coastal waters?

A
  1. Grey Seal

2. Harbour Seal

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8
Q

What are the main threats to UK coastal seals?

A

Commercial fishing, pollution, entanglement, ingestion of plastic and uptake of power station waters from the US

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9
Q

What is the main cause of death from Phocine Distemper Virus?

A

Secondary Infections

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10
Q

What species of seal is in competition with the Atlantic Cod fisheries?

A

North Atlantic Harp Seal

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11
Q

Which pinniped is in competition with pollock fisheries?

A

Steller Sea Lion

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12
Q

What are the 2 main carnivora?

A
  1. Polar Bear

2. Sea Otter

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13
Q

What are the 4 species of sirenians?

A
  1. West Indian Manatee
  2. West African Manatee
  3. Amazonian Manatee
  4. Dugong Dugong
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14
Q

How much seagrass does a sirenian eat each day?

A

15kg/day

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15
Q

What are the 2 main threats to sirenians?

A
  1. Habitat Loss

2. Boat Collision

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16
Q

Give 3 conservation efforts that are in place to protect sirenians

A
  1. US Fish and Wildlife Service
  2. Florida Manatee Trust
  3. Shark Netting Programmes in Queensland, AUS
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17
Q

What are the 5 main threats to cetaceans?

A
  1. Whaling
  2. Bycatch from Fisheries
  3. Competition for Food
  4. Cetacean Decompression Sickness
  5. Noise Pollution
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18
Q

Give 2 examples of cetaceans the are difficult to study

A
  1. Snubnose Dolphin (~1000)

2. Spade Toothed Whale (Only seen 5 Times Ever!)

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19
Q

Give 3 additional issues other than whaling

A
  1. Japanese Near-Shore Cetacean Hunts
  2. Bycatch
  3. Noise Pollution and Impacts on Echo Location
20
Q

What does CCAMLR stand for?

A

Convention for the Conservation of Antarctic Marine Life Resources (1982)

21
Q

How much is a Patagonian tooth fish sold for as a Chilean Sea Bass?

A

$1000/fish

22
Q

How many tonnes of krill are consumed by crabeater seals, whales and birds?

A

Crabeater Seals: 120 mT/Year
Whales: 130 mT/Year
Birds: 120 mT/Year

23
Q

How many tonnes of krill are commercially fished each year and which 3 nations are responsible?

A

300,000 tonnes/year

Japan, Korea and Russia

24
Q

How dense are the swarms of krill in Antarctica?

A

10,000 individuals per metre squared

25
Q

Why are icefish endangered?

A

Overfishing

26
Q

Antarctica is an example of an ecosystem in what?

A

Fine Balance

27
Q

What do Icefishes not have in their blood?

A

Red Blood Cells

28
Q

Why is the data quality we have on whales declining?

A

Because it was previously based on catch data

29
Q

Which national still commercially whale?

A

Iceland, Norway and Japan

30
Q

What is the most controversial species that is being whaled?

A

Minke Whale

31
Q

What type of whaling is legal?

A

Scientific

32
Q

What species of whale has never been commercially whaled?

A

Pilot Whale

33
Q

What is the IWC?

A

International Whaling Commission (1946)

34
Q

What are the 3 stock classifications set by the IWC?

A
  1. Sustainable Management Stock (SMS): 90-120% of MSY
  2. Initial Management Stock (IMS): >120% MSY
  3. Protection Stock (PS):
35
Q

Calves and parents with calves can be whaled - true of false?

36
Q

What 4 things is the pay for whaling dependent on?

A
  1. Size
  2. Sex
  3. Species
  4. Number
37
Q

Give 3 additional whaling problems

A
  1. Ethics
  2. Biological Disruption
  3. Human Issues (Meat Toxicity)
38
Q

What 7 things have to be recorded during whaling?

A
  1. Time of Hauling
  2. Length
  3. Sex
  4. Lactating (Y or N?)
  5. Foetus Length and Sex
  6. Infraction of Whaling Law
  7. Number of Whales Hit and Hauled
39
Q

What must samples be taken of from the whale?

A

Ovaries, Teeth and Ear Plug

40
Q

What can the ear plug of a whale tell you about?

A

Health and Breeding Success

41
Q

Which Article and Convention focuses on Scientific Whaling?

A

Article 8 of the International Convention on the Regulation of Whaling (1982)

42
Q

What is it argued that you can get data from non-lethal methods?

A

It is argued that you can get the same data from the whales facies, but Japan argues you cannot

43
Q

The Southern Ocean is a ratified what?

44
Q

Minke Whales in the North Atlantic have what stock status?

A

Protection Stock (but still whaled by Iceland and Norway!)

45
Q

What 4 things must be included in a scientific whaling permit?

A
  1. Objective of the Research
  2. Number/Size/Sex to be Caught
  3. Potential for International Collaboration
  4. Expected effects on Stock Conservation

Marine Conservation Science (8 decks)

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