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Marine Conservation Science > L8 - Sharks and Turtles > Flashcards

L8 - Sharks and Turtles Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Sharks are what type of invertebrate?

A

Elasmobranch

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2
Q

What type of predators are sharks?

A

Apex

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3
Q

Give 6 facts about shark ecology

A
  1. Rare but opportunistic feeders
  2. Long Gestation
  3. Slow Growth
  4. Delayed Maturity
  5. Small Litter Size
  6. Slow Reproduction and Recovery Rates
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4
Q

How many species are there of sharks globally?

A

370-400 spp.

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5
Q

What type of conservation approach do sharks need and why?

A

Holistic, Wider Seas because they are transient and migratory

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6
Q

What 3 species of shark are found in the Arctic?

A
  1. Porbeagle
    2 Greenland Shark
  2. Thresher Shark
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7
Q

What species of shark is found in the Antarctic?

A

Threhser Shark

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8
Q

What threatens shark species in the Southern Ocean?

A

Recolonisation of other species due to warming ocean temperatures

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9
Q

Where are the majority of shark species?

A

The Tropics

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10
Q

What 4 species of shark are found in the European Atlantic?

A
  1. Blue Shark
  2. Basking Shark
  3. Porbeagle
  4. Great White
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11
Q

How many species of shark are there in the Mediterranean?

A

49

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12
Q

How many species of freshwater sharks are there? and how many are named? and they are all listed by critically endangered by who?

A

6
3 Named
IUCN

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13
Q

In the IUCN survey (excluding river sharks), how many sharks are critically endangered, least concern and have insufficient data?

A

Critically Endangered - 9
Least Concern - 96
Insufficient Data - 141

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14
Q

Why do many species of shark have insufficient data?

A

Not caught unless they are commercially targeted

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15
Q

What are the 8 main threats to sharks?

A
  1. Public Perception
  2. Recreational Fishing
  3. Subsistence Fishing
  4. Commercial Fishing
  5. Habitat Loss
  6. Long-Line Fishing
  7. Shark Fining
  8. By-Catch
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16
Q

How much did a replica jaw of a great white sell for?

A

$3195 (US)

17
Q

What is it legal to land?

A

The whole fish

18
Q

How much is a basking shark fin worth?

A

$16,000

19
Q

Do sharks get cancer?

A

Yes!

20
Q

How much is tuna fishing worth in the Mediterranean?

A

$400 million

21
Q

When was the Marine Mammal Act established?

A

1972

22
Q

What is an FAD?

A

Fish Attraction Device

23
Q

What is the problem with FADs for Sharks?

A

Sharks feed on the tuna underneath so 5 dolphins are saved but 15,000 sharks are caught

24
Q

How many species of shark are protected under CITES?

A

3

25
Q

Which 3 sharks are protected under CITES and what are there main threats?

A
  1. Whale Shark
    - -> ecotourism, meat and fin trade, by catch, small scale population fluctuations
  2. Basking Shark
    - -> Fin/Meat/Liver fisheries in Norway, net entanglement, only legally protected in selected countries
  3. White Shark
    - -> Fin/Jaw/Teeth/ Fisheries, by catch, only legally protected in selected countries
26
Q

Which 2 species of shark has Germany proposed should be protected under CITES?

A
  1. Porbeagle

2. Spiny Catshark

27
Q

Give 4 approaches to conserving sharks

A
  1. International Plan of Action for Sharks
  2. Shark Specialist Group
  3. Anti-Finning Campaigns
  4. Shark Trust (NGO)
28
Q

How many species of marine turtle are there globally?

A

7

29
Q

What are the are turtle breeding sites called?

A

Rookeries

30
Q

What are the 7 species of marine turtle and what are their status on the IUCN list?

A
  1. Leatherback Turtle (Critically Endangered)
  2. Green Turtle (Endangered)
  3. Loggerhead Turtle (Endangered)
  4. Hawksbill Turtle (Critically Endangered)
  5. Olive Ridley Turtle (Endangered)
  6. Kemps Ridley Turtle (Critically Endangered)
  7. Flatback Turtle (Data Deficient)
31
Q

What are the 5 main threats to turtles?

A
  1. Marine Pollution
  2. Disturbance at Rookeries
  3. Turtle Meat and Eggs Trade
  4. Curios/Tourist Trade
  5. Fisheries & By-catch
32
Q

What are the threats and conservation of marine pollution?

A

Threats - litter and oil

Conservation Measures - increased legislation and education

33
Q

What are the threats and conservation of disturbance at rookeries?

A

Threats - development, light and tourism (racing)

Conservation Measures - education/ecotourism

34
Q

What are the threats and conservation of turtle meat and eggs trade?

A

Threats - food source for Asians, leather from skin, oil cream sold as sun tan and moisturisers
Conservation Measures - education, tighter legislation, work with locals to improve lifestyle and diet

35
Q

What are the threats and conservation of the curios trade?

A

Threats - tortoiseshell trade

Conservation Measures - banned under CITES, education for tourists

36
Q

What are the threats and conservation of fisheries & by catch?

A

Threats - long lining, kept for illegal trade, gill and seine netting
Conservation Measures - education, tighter legislation, round hooks, TED for trawling

37
Q

What influence does climate change have on turtle breeding?

A

Marine turtles have evolved to lay eggs at a precise depth
TDSD (temperature dependent sexual determination) determines the number of males to females - increasing temperatures = too many males = unbalanced breeding success

Marine Conservation Science (8 decks)

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