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Marine Conservation Science > L3 - Fisheries > Flashcards

L3 - Fisheries Flashcards

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1
Q

What type of approach is the Common Fisheries Policy?

A

Holistic / An example of a Wider Seas Approach

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2
Q

Since 1976 fishing has been regulated at what level?

A

Community Level (Implemented by the EC)

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3
Q

What were the 3 main fishing regulations in 1970?

A
  1. Access to fishing grounds - 12nm was for each MS
  2. Common Fish Market
  3. Modernisation of vessel, increased time at sea, increased efficiency etc.
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4
Q

In what year were marine resources for member states extended to 200nm and what problem does this cause for Britain?

A

1976

Overlap with Icelandic Waters

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5
Q

In what year was the CFP established and what were the 4 main areas of work?

A

1983

  1. Conservation of Fish Stocks
  2. Funding for modernisation to reduce excess fishing capacity
  3. Common fish market with EC setting catch to match demand
  4. External Fisheries Policy
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6
Q

What is the External Fisheries Policy?

A

Negotiating compensation payments (for not fishing in areas that MS disallow) for non-MS who fish in areas no-longer accessed by MS because of conservation issues

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7
Q

What does ICES stand for?

A

International Council for the Exploitation of the Seas

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8
Q

What is the Total Allowable Catch (TAC) based on?

A

Recommendations from ICES along with biological, socioeconomic and social factors

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9
Q

What are the 5 practices that work to conserve fish stocks?

A
  1. Minimum Mesh Size for Nets (to allow juveniles to escape – since 2000 this has been based on region)
  2. Fishery Area & Time Closures
  3. Fishing Gear Regulations to minimise Bycatch
  4. Minimum Fish Age/Size
  5. Logging all catch data (since 1980)
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10
Q

Give 5 methods of enforcement/inspection by MS for enforcing the CFP?

A
  1. Inspections of Catch at Fish Markets
  2. Aerial Surveys
  3. Satellite Tracking
  4. On Boat Spot Checks
  5. Checking of Log Books
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11
Q

What % of cod caught in the UK is illegal?

A

50%

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12
Q

What was found from the 1992 CFP review?

A

There were too many vessels, insufficient technical regulations to prevent overfishing and that action was required

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13
Q

What was found from the 1993 CFP review?

A

Increased surveillance is needed

Started working towards a more holistic approach

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14
Q

What was found from the 2002 CFP review?

A

End of public vessel funding, deceased modernisation, incentives for decommissioning and finally recognised an ecosystem management approach was needed and that TAC needs to be lower to allow for recovery

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15
Q

What were the outcomes of the 4 Multi-governance Guidance Programmes?

A
  1. 1983-1986: stop increase in fleet size
  2. 1987-1990: reduction in fleet size
  3. 1992-1996: protect resources, active decrease in fishing effort
  4. 1997-2001: decreased time allowed at sea and increased inspections
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16
Q

What is the current reform occurring on the CFP?

A

The Sustainable Fisheries Policy (SFP) and regionalisation

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17
Q

What did ICES recommend and what was implemented with regards to effort reductions following MAGP III?

A

30% reduction in effort for demersal fish (20% enforced)
20% reduction in effort for benthic fish (15% enforced)
no cut for pelagic fish

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18
Q

What % reductions in effort were recommended following MAGP IV?

A

30% for stocks in danger of collapse and 20% for those considered to be overfished

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19
Q

What is MSY?

A

The yield at which the long term productivity remains unaffected, if productivity is exceeded by total mortality then the stock will decline to zero

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20
Q

Why aren’t MSY values truly helpful?

A

They don’t consider environmental or biological factors

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21
Q

What are the 2 models that can be used to determine MSY?

A

Schaefer and Fox

22
Q

What is the Virgin Stock Biomass?

A

How much fish there would be if the stock had never been fished

23
Q

What 4 assumptions do MSY models make

A
  1. That the stock is in equilibrium
  2. That decreased stock means increased recruitment
  3. That smaller stocks have faster growth rates
  4. Fished stock results in younger age classes
24
Q

What do Surplus Production models assume?

A

That that there is a surplus because reproduction is greater than mortality

25
Q

Why do economics complicate MSY models?

A

Because there needs to be an economically viable cut off point for the fisherman but often this is beyond the Biologically Safe Limit (BSL)

26
Q

What does the theoretical coefficient of catchability assume?

A
  1. Catch is proportional to effort (BUT IT’S NOT)
  2. Effort is just boat days
  3. Catchability isn’t influenced by ecology (BUT IT IS)
27
Q

What 5 fishing restrictions are in place in the North Sea (mainly for Cod)?

A
  1. Limitations of Sea Time & Catch Effort
  2. Limitations on Catch Weight
  3. Minimum Mesh Size of Nets
  4. Maximum Net Size has been reduced
  5. Zonation of fishing effort (NE Scotland - spawning grounds close to allow for recovery)
28
Q

In what year did ICES declare N.Sea Cod to be overfished?

A

2005

29
Q

What is Fishing Mortality (F)?

A

The relative instantaneous rate of mortality of the number of individuals that die due to overfishing

30
Q

What is Fishing Mortality (F) dependant on?

A
  1. The quantity of fishing effort (vessel numbers)
  2. The number of days, hauls and fishing hours annually
  3. The efficiency or power of the vessels/gear

NOTE - no biological data

31
Q

If Fishing Mortality (F) = 0.65 what % of the stock suffers mortality due to fishing?

A

48%

32
Q

If Fishing Mortality (F) = 0.85 what % of the stock suffers mortality due to fishing?

A

58%

33
Q

What is the case of the Sand Eels in the North Sea?

A

They are an important fishery but are being overfished as well as suffering from rising sea temperatures. As a result there is a proposed no take zone in the spawning ground around the Wee Bankie in NE Scotland

34
Q

How many tonnes of Sand Eel are farmed in Peru?

A

9.5 million tonnes

35
Q

What is Aquaculture?

A

Fish Farming

36
Q

Where was Britain’s first fish farm and when did it close?

A

Vidlin Voe, Shetland

Closed in 2008

37
Q

What % of the worlds farmed cod is produced in Norway?

A

80%

38
Q

Give 3 species farmed in the UK and which one has seen profit increases

A
  1. Atlantic Salmon
  2. Rainbow Trout
  3. Eels – seen profit increases
39
Q

How many tonnes of Atlantic Salmon and Rainbow Trout are farmed in the UK?

A

Atlantic Salmon – 99,000 tonnes

Rainbow Trout – 15,000 tonnes

40
Q

Give 6 problems associated with fish farming

A
  1. Does fish farming actually decrease pressure on wild stocks?
  2. Implications on wild populations due to escapees
  3. Pollution effects (from hormones used)
  4. Fish food requirements impact other species like Sand Eels
  5. Fish waste and excess food impacts
  6. Parasites and Disease
41
Q

What are No Take Zones (NTZ) not the same as?

A

Fishing Closures or Gear Restrictions

42
Q

Where have No Take Zones (NTZ) traditionally been used?

A

Australia, NZ and USA

43
Q

Give 2 places where NTZ have been established?

A
  1. Leigh Marine Reserve in New Zealand

2. Lundy Island

44
Q

By what % have lobsters densities increased each year since 1977 in the Leigh Marine Reserve in New Zealand?

A

7%

45
Q

Lundy Island is England’s first marine reserve and is a statuary NTZ and was established in 2003. By what % did the lobster populations increased in an 18-month period?

A

200%

46
Q

What is the x and y axis on a Shaefer Model?

A

X - Effort

Y - CPUE

47
Q

How do you calculate CPUE?

A

Yield / Effort

48
Q

Is there a +ve or -ve relationship between yield and effort?

A

-ve

49
Q

What is the x and y axis on a Fox Model?

A

X - Effort

Y - Ln (CPUE)

50
Q

What basic equation is used to find the values a, b,c and d when calculating MSY?

A

y = mx + c

51
Q

What is the equation for calculating MSY using the Shaefer Model?

A

MSY = -0.25 x a^2 / b

52
Q

What is the equation for calculating MSY using the Fox Model?

A

MSY = -(1/d) x e^(c-1)

Marine Conservation Science (8 decks)

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