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Anatomy I Unit 1 > L9-L10 Nervous Tissue I and II > Flashcards

L9-L10 Nervous Tissue I and II Flashcards

1
Q

What do the functions of the nervous tissue coordinate?

A

Body function with environment (external & internal)

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2
Q

What is the organization of the nervous system?

A

Structural and Functional

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3
Q

What are two parts of the structural organization of the nervous system? What things are they associated with?

A

2 parts: 1. CNS, 2. PNS
CNS: gray matter and nuclei, white matter and tracts
PNS: ganglia, nerves

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4
Q

What are 2 parts of the functional organization of the nervous system? What are they associated with?

A

Somatic and autonomic
Somatic: Sensory (afferent), Motor (efferent)
Autonomic: Parasympathetic, Sympathetic

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5
Q

What is the CNS compose of?

A

Brain, Spinal Cord

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6
Q

What is the PNS consisted of?

A

Cranial nerves

Spinal nerves

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7
Q

What are the types of nerve fibers (axons)?

A

Somatic system, visceral system, somatic axons, autonomic axons

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8
Q

What is a somatic system? Examples?

A

Functions that relate to external environment (eg pain, locomotion)

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9
Q

What is a visceral system? Examples?

A

Functions that relate to internal environment (eg heart rate, digestion)

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10
Q

What are somatic axons?

A

Sensory and motor

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11
Q

What are autonomic axons?

A

Sympathetic and parasympathetic

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12
Q

What is exclusive about autonomic axons?

A

Regulation of visceral activity and responsible to make the organs do more or less of something

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13
Q

What are 2 fundamental cells in nervous tissue?

A

Neurons (functional cells), and Glial cells (support cells)

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14
Q

What is a neuropil?

A

Synaptically dense regions composed of unmyelinated axons, dendrites and processes of glial cell in CNS gray matter; there is also NO connective tissue integrated into CNS

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15
Q

What is a neuron? What is its primary function?

A

Functional unit of the nervous system.

Its primary function is to generate and propagate action potentials

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16
Q

What are neuron PARTS?

A

Cell body, dendrite(s), axon

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17
Q

What are the main types of neurons?

A

Bipolar (retina, cranial nerve VIII), multipolar (99% of all neurons), and pseudounipolar (sensory ganglia)

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18
Q

What are the bipolar types of neurons?

A

Limited to visual, auditory, vestibular pathways: one dendrite, one axon

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19
Q

What are the pseudounipolar types of neurons?

A

They are confined to spinal nerve sensory ganglia and some cranial nerves

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20
Q

What is significant about the spinal nerve?**

A

Pseudounipolar->collecting sensory info from body wall -> deliver back to CNS

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21
Q

What is significant about multipolar neurons?

A

All remaining neurons (99% of all neurons) have 2 to many dendrites, one axon

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22
Q

What is a unique cell of the multipolar neurons?

A

Pyramidal cell

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23
Q

What cell of the multipolar neuron is exclusive to cerebellum?

A

Purkinje cell

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24
Q

Multiple dendrites form an ______ to neuron.

A

Inflow

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25
Axon forms an ___ of the neuron.
Outflow
26
What is the target of a neuron?
Another neuron, muscle, gland
27
What is the cell body (perikaryon/soma) of neuron?
Contains nucleus, nucleolus, Nissl bodies (rough ER, free ribosomes), Golgi complexes, mitchondria, neurofilaments, microtubules
28
What are dendrites?
Contains same organelles as cell body except nucleus, Nissl bodies and Golgi complexes only in proximal portion
29
What are dendritic spines and what is significant about them?**
They are spines that come outwards and they serve to increase Surface area of the function in order to receive more of neurotransmitters from another axon
30
____ has a more prominent nucleolus?
Euchromatic
31
Cytoskeleton and secretory vesciles pass from _____ to the _____.
Cell body to the axon
32
What is the initial segment of the axon? What is generated there?
Between axon hillock and beginning of myelin sheath. Axon potentials are generated there
33
What are the nodes of Ranvier?
Allow axon to interact with cellular fluid around it
34
What is axonal (axoplasmic) transport? What direction does it go?
Movement mechanism of mitochondria, lipids, synaptic vesicles to and from cell body and axon; bidirectional
35
What is anterograde axon transport?
away from cell body (cell prod returns to nucleus)
36
What is retrograde axon transport?
Toward cell body; toxins like tetanus or viruses like canine herpes simplex (leading cause of death in newborn puppies), rabies, can travel CB
37
What is the speed of each type of transport: anterograde transport? Retrograde transport?
Anterograde: fast or slow; retrograde: just fast
38
What are the characteristics of fast transport? (3)
- Utilize microtubules and motor proteins - Occur fairly rapidly: 20-400 mm/day - Transport organelles, synaptic vesicles etc.
39
What are the characteristics of slow anterograde transport?
- Occurs slowly: 0.2-4mm/day | - Transports cytoskeletal precursors & elements (tubulin, actin etc)
40
What is a function of nervous tissue?
Integrates sensory (afferent) input with motor (efferent) output
41
What are neurofilaments?
Intermediate filaments of neurons that provide structural support to the cell (cytoskeletal structures)
42
What are microtubules?
Also cytoskeletal, but grown and shrink to move material around
43
What is Lyssavirus transmitted by?
Rabies transmitted by virus-laden saliva | Virus travels along peripheral nerves, to spinal cord, to brain , out through peripheral nerves to salivary gland
44
The myelination of axons is electrically insulating what?
Sheath that can surround axons
45
What does the myelination of axons improve?
Conduction velocity of medium and large-sized axons
46
There is NO myelin at: ____ and _____.
Initial segment and axon terminals
47
What are internodal segments?
Regions where myelin present (insulated)
48
What are Nodes of Ranvier?
Points between internodal segments (axon exposed)
49
What is a saltatory conduction?
AP "jumps"from node to node
50
What makes up the gray matter? White matter?
Gray: cell bodies White: axons
51
What is the myelin sheath?
Compressed layers of glial cell plasma membrane
52
What does the myelin sheath do to the axon?
Wraps around tightly multiple times so that the cytoplasm is constrained to most superficial region
53
The phospholipid portion of myelin at LM is lost- what does it leave behind?
Leaves clear (or very pale) region where myelin was present
54
What are unmyelinated axons?
Axons with smaller diameters that require slower conduction velocities. They are enveloped by glial cell, but NOT wrapped by the glial cell
55
What are synapses?
Interneuronal connetions- communication | Cells separated by a narrow gap, synaptic cleft.
56
What does the action potential of synapses initiate?
Action potential initiates neurotrans release -> crosses -> either depolarizes postsynpatic membrane (new AP) or hyper polarizes and inhibits
57
What are the three types of connections?
1. Axodendritic 2. Axosomatic 3. Axoaxonic
58
What do the neuromuscular (myoneuronal) junctions do?
Causes buttons to talk, release contents, which then open up NA channels
59
All synapses possess _____ and _____ elements
Presynaptic and postsynaptic elements
60
What are glia cells?
Interstitial, supportive cells for neurons within the CNS
61
What is the difference between oligodendrocytes, Schwann cells, astrocytes, microglia cells?
Oligodedrocytes, astrocytes, and microglia are part of CNS while Schwann cells are part of PNS
62
What are features about astrocytes?
They have "feet" that help support: 1. The blood-brain barrier 2. The glia limitans: barrier between pia mater and the CNS
63
What are oligodendrocytes?
Can myelinate more than one axon and more than one internodal segment per axon
64
What is CNS myelin composed of?
Oligodendrocytes and differs from PNS myelin that is composed of Schwann cells
65
What percentange of Microglia cells are in CNS?
10-15%
66
Where are microglia from?
Descend from the mononuclear phagocyte system
67
What is significant about microglia cells? (what can they become, what do they remove, and what is the rule of thumb)? (3)
1. They can become phagocytic and antigen-presenting cells 2. They remove damaged neurons and infectious agents 3. Rule of Thumb: microglia form the primary immune defense of CNS
68
The peripheral nerves are ___ and ___?
Motor and sensory
69
What are ganglia?
Collections of functionally-related neuronal cell bodies
70
What part of the ganglia is sensory?
Dorsal root ganglia
71
What does the ANS contribute?
Motor ganglia
72
What is housed in the CNS?
Somatic motor cell bodies
73
What are peripheral nerves?
Collections of functionally- related nerve fibers (axons)
74
What are Satellite Cells?
Glial cells (neural crest) that form a complete ring around the pseudounipolar neuron
75
What is the CT capsule?
Nerve fiber (NF) bundles (cell bodies in clusters)
76
What does peripheral nerves do?
Appear "Wavy"
77
What are Schwann cells limited to?
ONE internodal segment on ONE axon
78
What is significant about Schwann cells?
Has an external lamina
79
What is CNS myelin composed of and what does it differ from?
Composed of oligodendrocytes and differs from PNS myelin that is composed of Schwann cells
80
What are the important structures of the connective tissue of peripheral nerves?
1. Epineurium 2. Perineurium 3. Endoneurium
81
What is the meaning of epineurium?
Fibrous coat around whole nerve- also fills space between nerve fibers (dense, irregular connective tissue)
82
What is the definition of perineurium?
Surrounds each bundle of nerve fibers
83
What is the definition of endoneurium?
Envelops the myelin sheaths of individual axons. Composed of reticular fibers produced by the Schwann cells

Anatomy I Unit 1 (8 decks)

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