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Anatomy I Unit 1 > L15-L16 Integument I and II > Flashcards

L15-L16 Integument I and II Flashcards

1
Q

What things make up appendages?

A

Nails, claws, hair, sweat glands, sebaceous glands

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2
Q

What are characteristics about the integument? (3)

A
  • Largest organ
  • Invests entire body
  • Continuous with epithelial linings of mouth, anus ,urethra, ear & earlids
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3
Q

What are the main functions of integument? (5)

A
  1. Barrier for protection
  2. Provides immunologic information
  3. Conveys sensory information
  4. Excretion of waste products
  5. Thermoregulation (blood flow, sweating/panting)
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4
Q

What are the skin layers? (3)

A
  1. Epidermis
  2. Dermis
  3. Hypodermis
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5
Q

What are the skin layers that the integument is made out of?*****

A

Epidermis + dermis and NOT hypodermis

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6
Q

What is the hypodermis? (4)

A

-Loose connective tissue with fat
-Not a part of skin layers
-Fat storage
-Contains large blood vessels
= superficial fascia

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7
Q

What is the rete apparatus?

A

Means by which epidermis and dermis are attached;

  • Interdigitations of epidermal ridges & dermal ridges (papillae)
  • Attach epidermis to dermis
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8
Q

What are three characterstics of epidermis?

A
  • Stratified squamous kertinized epithelium
  • Avascular
  • continuously renewed by mitosis (20-30 day cycle)
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9
Q

Thick skin epidermis characteristics? (3)

A
  1. Glabrous, smooth, non-hairy
  2. All five layers of epidermis; 400-600 nanometers thick
  3. Lacks hair follicles/ sebaceous glands
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10
Q

Where on the body is thick skin found? (few examples)

A

Palms, soles

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11
Q

Characteristics of thin skin? (5)

A
  1. Hairy
  2. 3-4 layers of epidermis
  3. 75-150 nanometers thick
  4. Found on most of body
  5. Thin skin includes hair follicles, sebaceous and sweat glands
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12
Q

What are arranged in layers of the epidermis?

A

Keratinocytes

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13
Q

What are the layers and what are some random characteristics of them? (5 starting from bottom to top)

A
  1. Stratum basale: closest to dermis/blood vessels
  2. Stratum spinosum: can include many layers
  3. Stratum granulosum: always stains dark
  4. Stratum lucidum: pale
  5. Stratum corneum: most external layer
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14
Q

As one is being born, all keratinocytes are being pushed up and eventually gets _________?

A

Sloughed off

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15
Q

What is the stratum basale also known as? What are they constantly doing?

A

Stratum germanitivum- making new cells

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16
Q

What are four characterstics of stratum basale?

A
  1. Basophilic cytoplasm
  2. Cells lie on basement membrane
  3. Actively diving cells (renewed every 15-30 days)
  4. Large nucleus w/ abundance free ribosomes
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17
Q

What do the stratum basale produce?

A

Produce intermediate filaments (keratin) = tonofilaments

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18
Q

What are stratum basale bundled into?

A

Tonofibrils in stratum basale and stratum spinosum

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19
Q

What does the stratum basale contain?

A

Contain desmosomes (between cells) and hemidesmosomes (between cell & basal lamina)

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20
Q

What is the stratum basale location?

A

Location of melanocytes, associated with skin color

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21
Q

What is unique about skin color?**

A

Vertebrates “thing”**

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22
Q

What is the stratum spinosum also called?

A

Prickle cell layer

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23
Q

The prickle cell layer can also be______ ? *

A

Artifacts!

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24
Q

What is unique about the stratum spinosum?

A

Cell layer adjacent to s. basale mitotically active

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25
Q

Stratum spinosum- what does the histology look like (describe)? (2)

A
  • Cuboidal or slightly flattened cells with central nucleus

- Cells bound together by filament-filled cytoplasmic spines & desmosomes

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26
Q

What are the Nodes of Bizzozero?**

A

Desmosomes in the stratum spinosum that appear as thickenings in the spines where they attach on adjacent cells (“spine-studded” appearance)

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27
Q

The stratum spinosum’s cytoplasm contains?

A

Processes filled with numerous bundles of intermediate filaments (keratin) (=tonofibrils)

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28
Q

What is unique about the desmosomes in teh stratum spinosum?

A

They are sideways because of the artifacts or becoming squished as they move up

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29
Q

What kinds of cells do the stratum spinosum contain?

A

Langerhands cells, which is party of the immune system

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30
Q

What are 4 features of the stratum granulosum?

A
  1. 3-5 layers cells
  2. Last layer with nuclei
  3. Lysosomal enzymes digest organelles
  4. Named for 2 types of granules: keratohyalin and lamellar granules (=bodies)
31
Q

What is significant about stratum granulosum?***(test q)

A

Last place we cells that are alive

32
Q

What do the stratum granulosum contain?

A

Keratinocytes from the stratum spinosum that are flattening

33
Q

What are the keratohyalin granules and what are they produced by?

A

Intensely basophilic and not surrounded by a membrane, produced by ribosomes

34
Q

Keratohyalin grandules (K) are associated with __________ to help strengthen them

A

Tonofibrils Act

35
Q

The Lamellar bodies in stratum granulosum do what three things? Where are they produced? ** (test q)

A
  1. Lamellar bodies discharge a lipid-rich content
  2. Acts to serve as a barrier of foreign materials
  3. Water-proofs the skin- produced in the Golgi apparatus
36
Q

What are two charactertics about stratum granulosum? (important to remember)

A
  • Lamellar bodies

- Adaptation to terrestrial life

37
Q

Where is stratum lucidum “housed”?

A

Thick skin

38
Q

What are three characteristics of stratum lucidum?

A
  1. No nuclei or organelles
  2. Contain densely packed keratin
  3. Clear, thin eosinophilic layer of extremely flattened cells
39
Q

What do the stratum corneum look like histologically?

A

15-20 layers of flattened, non-nucleated, keratinized cells with thick membranes and no organelles

40
Q

What are 3 characteristics associated with stratum corneum? ***

A
  1. More layers in thick skin
  2. Deep layers: cells held together by desmosomes (as move up layers)
  3. Superficial layers: cells lose desmosomes and undergo dequamation
41
Q

The epidermis also contains _______.

A

Non-keratinocytes

42
Q

What are the two non-keratinocytes (and what do they do) in the epidermis?

A
  1. Melanocytes: partially responsible for skin color

2. Langerhans cells: work with the immune system

43
Q

Where are the melanocytes and what is special about them?

A

Primary located in stratum basale and do not have desmosomes (they need to move and not be attached)

44
Q

What are melanocytes?

A
  1. Rounded cell bodies

2. Long, irregular extensions between cells of stratum basale & stratum spinosum

45
Q

What is a fact about melanocytes (pigment/color)?

A

Number of melanocytes is same in all groups, but the amount and distribution of melanin varies

46
Q

How does UV light play a role in melanocytes?

A
  • Exposure increase size and activity of melanocytes

- Total number of melanocytes can increase with prolonged exposure

47
Q

What do the Langerhands cell look like?

A

Apostrophe

48
Q

Where are Langerhands cells located?

A

Stratum spinosum

49
Q

What do the Langerhans cell look like?

A

Irregularly-shaped nuclei

50
Q

What color does the Langerhands cells stain?

A

Pale

51
Q

Where do LAngerhands cell originate from?

A

Precursor cells in bone marrow

52
Q

What do the Langerhans cells function as?

A

Antigen presenting cells

53
Q

What do Langerhans cell NOT have?

A

Desmosomes

54
Q

What are characteristics of the dermis? (5)

A
  • Connective tissue layer deep to epidermis
  • Separated from stratum basale by a basement membrane
  • Vascularized
  • Nourishes epidermis
  • Ranges from .6 mm to 3mm
55
Q

What are tension lines/ cleavage lines/ Langer lines? (3)

A
  1. Pattern of distribution of Type I collage fibers
  2. Determines tension and wrinkle lines in skin
  3. Determines pace and nature of would healing
56
Q

What are the two layers of the dermis?

A
  1. Papillary layer

2. Reticular layer

57
Q

What are characteristics of the papillary layer of the dermis? (4)

A
  • Loose connective tissue
  • Contains collagen fibers (Types I & III), elastic fibers, anchoring fibrils that extend from basal lamin into papillary layer
  • Interdigitates with epidermis (separated by basement membrane)
  • Rete apparatus
58
Q

What is the reticular layer? (6)

A
  • Dense irregular connective tissue
  • NOT an abundance of reticular fibers
  • Type I collage fibers w/ thick elastic fibers
  • Smooth muscle (arrector pilli)
  • Epidermally derived glands
  • Hair follicles
59
Q

What is hair?

A

Elongated keratinized structures derived from invaginations of epidermal epithelium

60
Q

What are sebaceous glands? (3)

A
  • Produce sebum (waxy texture)
  • Located all over body (except palms, soles, side of feet)
  • Most abundant on face, forehead, & scalp
61
Q

What do sebaceous glands secrete?

A
  1. Secretes sebum (cholesterol, triglycerides, and cell debris)
  2. Iolocrine secretion (as a secretory cell matures, it dies and becomes part of the secretory product)
  3. Holocrine secretion: destruction of the cell
62
Q

What is acinus?

A

Acinus: basal layer of undifferentiated flattened epithelial cells resting on basal lamina
(Packed with lipid filled vacuoles)

63
Q

What do sweat glands help with?

A

Temperature regulation

64
Q

There are 2 types of sweat glands:

A
  1. Eccrine sweat glands (temperature regulation)

2. Apocrine sweat glands (other functions too)

65
Q

What are characteristics of eccrine sweat glands?

A
  • Simple coiled tubular glands

- Ducts open on skin surface (=sweat pores: not assoc with hairs)

66
Q

What do the eccrine sweat glands look like?

A

Invaginations of epithelium into dermis/ hypodermis

67
Q

Where are eccrine sweat glands located?

A

Species-specific (numerous on pams and soles)

68
Q

What are merocrine secretions?*

A

Another name for Exocytosis, cells not damaged during secretion

69
Q

Features of apocrine sweat glands?

A
  • Open into canals of the hair follicles just superficial to the entry of the sebaceous gland ducts
  • Contain pheromones at axilla: secrete milky product, odorless until metab by bacteria
70
Q

What is the vitally important thing in non-human animals regarding the apocrin sweat gland?!

A

Sebaceous gland ducts

71
Q

Apocrine sweat gland vs Eccrine sweat gland?

A
  • Larger lumen than eccrine sweat glands

- Secretory product stored in lumen

72
Q

Merocrine mode of secretion, NOT _____

A

Apocrine

73
Q

What two things is the integument composed of?W

A

Skin and appendanges

Anatomy I Unit 1 (8 decks)

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