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Anatomy I Unit 1 > L1-L2 Cytology I and II > Flashcards

L1-L2 Cytology I and II Flashcards

1
Q

What is E-face vs P-face?

A

E-face is the outer leaflet that faces EXTRACELLULAR space whereas the P-face is the INNER leaflet that faces the cytoplasm

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2
Q

What is E-face and P-face made up of?

A

Peripheral & integral proteins as well as Glycocalyx

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3
Q

What is passive transport vs active transport?

A

Passive transport: no extra energy required

Active transport: energy is required

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4
Q

What are 2 ways (and describe) where there is transport through the plasma membrane?

A

Diffusion, which is gradient dependent (passive) and membrane transport, which requires membrane transport proteins (passive or active)

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5
Q

What is vesicular transport and what form of transport is it?

A

Transportation of material INTO or OUT of a cell by membrane-bound vesicles and is a form of ACTIVE TRANSPORT which requires ATP

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6
Q

What is exocytosis and what is it often called?

A

Release of material via vesicular transport; secretion

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7
Q

What is endocytosis and what is it often called?

A

Uptake of material via the vesicular transport; absorption

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8
Q

Functions of exocytosis (3)

A
  • Material packaged into secretory vesicles (by Golgi)
  • Transported to plasma membrane
  • Fuse with plasma membrane & releases into extracellular space
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9
Q

Two major types of secretion?

A

Regulated and Constitutive

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10
Q

Describe regulated secretion (4)

A

Vesicles congregate near plasma membrane, secretory granules, secretions condense, signaled release into extracellular space

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11
Q

Describe constitutive secretion (3)

A

Continuous secretion, no accumulation of secretory vesicles, no signaling required

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12
Q

Describe endocytosis (3)

A
  • Plasma membrane infolds to form vesicle containing inbound material
  • Vesicles fuse with lysosomes for processing
  • Three types: 1) Pinocytosis, 2) Phagocytosis, 3) Receptor-mediated endocytosis
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13
Q

What is Pinocytosis?

A

Generalized type of absorption of ALL CELLS; cellular “drinking”

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14
Q

Function of pinocytosis (4)

A
  • It is water, small dissolved solutes
  • Forms pinocytotic vesicles (caveolae)
  • Fuse with lysosomes for processing
  • Aids in “membrane trafficking”- recycling plasma membrane
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15
Q

What is phagocytosis?

A

Engulfing large particles, cell debris, bacteria; cellular “eating”

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16
Q

Features of phagocytosis (4)

A
  1. pseudopodia extend/ surround the material to form vessicles
  2. vesicles called phagosomes are formed
  3. phagosomes fuse with lysosomes
  4. lysosomes process/ degrade/ recycle material
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17
Q

What is receptor-mediated endocytosis?

A

Highly selective endocytosis

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18
Q

What are cargo proteins (endocytosis)?

A

Bind to receptors causing material to be endocytosed within coated vesicles which are coating aids infolding of plasma membrane

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19
Q

What happens during membrane trafficking during endo and exocytosis?

A

ENDOcytosis: portions of the cell membrane become endocytotic vesicles, whereas EXOcytosis: cell membrane is returned to cell surface

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20
Q

Organelles: Nucleus (4 features)

A

Control center

  1. Nuclear envelope
  2. Nuclear pores
  3. Chromatin: DNA
  4. Nucleolus: rRNA
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21
Q

2 types of chromatin?

A
  1. Euchromatin

2. Heterochromatin

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22
Q

What is euchromatin? (3)

A

Active transcription (DNA uncoiled), more electron lucent, PALE in color

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23
Q

What is heterochromatin? (3)

A

Inactive (DNA condensed), more electron dense, cell filled with RNA

24
Q

Which cell is more active?

A

Large, “open” (vesicular) nucleus with more euchromatin is indicative of a more active cell

25
Q

What is a Barr body?

A

A euchromatic nucleus with a single area of condensed chromatin- second uncoiled X chromosome (FEMALES ONLY)

26
Q

When can you tell if the cell is male?

A

If rest of DNA is uncoiled and there is NO Barr Body

27
Q

What is the function of ribosomes?

A

Making proteins

28
Q

What are two types of ribosomes?

A

Free ribosomes and ER bound ribosomes

29
Q

What do free ribosomes do?

A

They are polyribosomes that create cytoplasmic proteins that are strung together by mRNA
** Making proteins for use INSIDE the cells
(Snail Shape)

30
Q

What do ER-bound ribosomes do?

A

They create membrane & secretory proteins, lysosomal enzymes and are stuck to the ER; two columns stuck by mRNA, where protein sloughs into ER

31
Q

What is the rER? Primary function?

A

Interconnected, flattened membranous sacs for protein synthesis; primary function is the factory house of cell and WHERE PROTEIN IS CREATED IF PROTEIN IS FOR EXTRACELLULAR USE**

32
Q

What are 2 characteristics of rER?

A
  1. Outer surface: ER-bound ribosomes

2. Inner lumen: cisterna, which is flattened membrane disk that makes up the Golgi apparatus

33
Q

Importance of cisterna of rER?

A

Proteins are synthesized into the cisterna and then transported to the Golgi apparatus for packaging

34
Q

What is the Golgi apparatus?

A

Interconnected, flattened sacs where proteins from rER are processed, sorted, “packaged” within cisterna (smooth appearance- no ribosomes)

35
Q

Steps from rER to Golgi apparatus? (long; explain)

A

Nucleus is where the ribosomes (made in nucleolus) and mRNA come from, then from nucleus come out to cytoplasm and joined (depending on mRNA’s directions for ribosomes); if ribosomes making protein for EXTRAcellular use, will become attached to the rER, which sloughs off protein created to cisterna, transported from rER to Golgi (make own transport vesicles to Golgi, which packages for extracellular use then to plasma membrane to secrete

36
Q

Destinations of Golgi appartus (3)

A
  1. Unit membranes
  2. Secretion –> secretory vesicles
  3. Lysosomes
37
Q

What is cis face?

A

Part of Golgi that is closest the rough ER

38
Q

What is trans face?

A

Part of Golgi that is closest to the membrane (furthest from ReR)

39
Q

What are lysosomes? 3 features?

A

Digestive compartments;

  • Spherical, membrane-enclosed
  • Have varying electron densities (light and dark/ patchy bc digesting)
  • Contain enzymes (acid hydrolases) that process/ degrade lysosomal contents
40
Q

Lysomes fuse with? (3)

A
  1. Autophagosomes
  2. Endocytotic vesicles
  3. Phagosomes (in specialized cells)
41
Q

What is the mitochondria?

A

Powerhouse of the cell

42
Q

Functions of mitochondria?

A
  • Site of ATP synthesis
  • Rod-shaped
  • 2 unit-membranes: OUTER (smooth) & INNER (folded, forms cristae)
43
Q

What does number of mitochondria indicate?

A

The energy requirements of the cell (some have many, some have 1/2)

44
Q

What is cristae like of more common type of mitochondria?

A

Extend into the matrix as broad flattened folds of the inner membrane (in most cells)

45
Q

What is cristae like in vesicular mitochondria?

A

Extend into the matrix as tubular folds of the inner membranes (in steroid H-producing cells)

46
Q

What is the sER?

A

Interconnected membrane-enclosed tubules (not sacs)

47
Q

Features of sER? (5) important*

A
  • No ribosomes*
  • No protein synthesis*
  • Abundant in cells that *DETOXIFY (liver/kidney) & secrete steroid H
  • Present in ALL cells
  • *Specialized in some muscle cells to sequester calcium- sarcoplasmic reticulum!!!
48
Q

What is the cytoskeleton functions? (3)

A
  • Cell morphology (shape)
  • Cell mobility (organelle and vesicle movement; whole cell movement)
  • Interacts with extracellular matrix
49
Q

What are components of cytoskeleton? (3)

A
  1. Actin (thin filaments)
  2. Intermediate filaments- can be made of a variety of things depending on cell’s need
  3. Microtubules- bigger than intermediate filaments
50
Q

What is actin (thin filament)? (3) functions

A
  • Smallest diameter
  • Helps anchor cells to each other & extracellular matrix
  • Form structural core of microvilli, stereocilia
  • Movement (contraction, extending process)
51
Q

What are intermediate filaments? (3) functions

A
  • Larger than actin
  • Cell-to-cell adhesion
  • Cell-to-extracellular matrix adhesion
  • High tensile strength (STRONG, tissue specific)
52
Q

What are microtubules? (3) functions

A
  • LARGEST cytoskeletal component; HOLLOW middle
  • Provide rigidity to cell shape
  • Aid intercellular transport
  • Movement of cell, cilia, flagella [which helps move structure along]
53
Q

Where are microtubules located? (3)

A
  1. Centrioles
  2. Basal bodies (bottom part of microvillis)
  3. Cilia (different morphology but ALWAYS hollow)
54
Q

What are inclusions?

A

Not exactly organelles…structures that are floating around in cytosol (e.g. glycogen, pigment, lipids)

55
Q

What is the unit membrane?

A

Selective barrier around cells and some organelles (appears trilaminar under TEM; biochemically is phospholipid bilayer)

56
Q

Pinocytosis forms ____? Also called?**

A

Pinocytotic vesicles.. also called CAVEOLAE*

Anatomy I Unit 1 (8 decks)

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