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Anatomy I Unit 1 > L12-L15 Embryology > Flashcards

L12-L15 Embryology Flashcards

1
Q

What does the released ovum do next?

A

The ovum is released, leaves behind follicular cells, and structure forms from the original follum

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2
Q

Where there is 1 parent sperm, there is ___ baby sperms

A

Four baby sperms

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3
Q

What is a zona pellucida?

A

A glycoprotein coat

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4
Q

What makes up a corona radiata?

A

Zona pellucida + layers of follicular cells

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5
Q

What does the zona pellucida + layers of follicular cells make up?

A

Corona radiata

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6
Q

Sperms must undergo ____

A

Capacitation

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7
Q

What is capacitation?

A

The process by which acrosomal cap is degraded

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8
Q

Cats, Dogs, Cattle, Horses- site of sperm deposition for each?

A

Vagina, Uterus, Vagina, Uterus

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9
Q

The sperm MUST pass through the _______

A

Corona radiata

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10
Q

Location of fertilization is species- specific, usually in the ____.

A

Oviduct

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11
Q

What does the cilia aid in?

A

Helps fertilize ovvum

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12
Q

What does the zona pellucida do once one sperm cell passes through?

A

Hardens

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13
Q

Sperm in the oocyte without its plasma membrane causes ____ ?

A

Zona reaction, which makes the oocyte impenetrable to other sperms

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14
Q

After the oocyte completes the second meoitic division and the ______ is formed

A

Female pronucleus

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15
Q

What is a blastomere?

A

New embryonic cell

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16
Q

What is cleavage? What is unique about this?

A

Mitotic division- rates are species-specific

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17
Q

What is unique about 4-cell stage?

A

Blastomeres get smaller with each division

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18
Q

What is a morula?

A

A superficial layer around a central core of cells

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19
Q

Each cell has potential to become baby parts- how many cells about to do this?

A

8-16 cells

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20
Q

Formation of the morula- how many during cleavage?

A

4-cell

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21
Q

What happens during the formation of the blastocyst?

A

The blastocystic cavity appears, formed by secretions from the blastomeres

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22
Q

The blastocystic cavity does what?

A

Separates the blastomeres into parts

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23
Q

The trophoblast does what?

A

Forms the embryonic layers of the placenta

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24
Q

The trophoblast cells are those that are _______.

A

Joined by tight junctions to protect the embryoblast

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25
Q

The blastocysts emerges from the ______?

A

Zona pellucida

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26
Q

Hypoblast emigrates to enclose the _____.

A

Blastocystic cavity (=exocoelmic cavity)

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27
Q

At the stage of embryoblast and trophoblast, the large cavity is called the _______.

A

Blastocystic cavity

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28
Q

When the hypoblast begins to form at the ventral surface of the embryoblast, the cavity is called the ______.

A

Exocoelomic cavity

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29
Q

When the hypoblast extends to surround the exocoelomic cavity, the cavity is called the ____________.

A

Primitve yolk sac

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30
Q

What does the bilaminar embryonic disc do?

A

Epiblast forms tight junctions + replace Rauber’s layer

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31
Q

Bilaminar embryonic disc is composed of what two things?

A

Epiblast + Adjacent hypoblast

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32
Q

What species of animals undergo single conceptus?

A

Cattles and horses

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33
Q

Single conceptus in a cattle?

A

Implantation in the upper half of the uterine horn adjacent to the ovulating ovary

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34
Q

Single conceptus in horses?

A

Blastocyst will travel between horsn and implantation placement is random

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35
Q

What species of animals are polytocous?

A

dogs and cats

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36
Q

In polytocous species, what is significant?

A

Blastocysts are evenly placed in both horns- mechanism is unknown

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37
Q

What is a mesometrium?

A

Ligament that holds uterus to the side of the body wall

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38
Q

Primitive yolk sac pinches off and definitive ____ is formed.

A

Yolk sac

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39
Q

Cells emigrate from the epiblast to form ____.

A

Amniotic membrane

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40
Q

Prechordal plate is?

A

When some anterior cells of the hypoblast become columnar and form this thickened circular area

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41
Q

What is the prechordal plate ultimately the position of?

A

Mouth!!

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42
Q

Gastrulation begins with primitive streak, which is?

A

Appears from caudal to cranial in the medial plane on the dorsal aspect of the embryonic disc

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43
Q

What is estrus?

A

When females are sexually receptive

44
Q

Where is the primitive groove located in?

A

Primitive streak

45
Q

What are the three germ layers?

A
  1. Ectoderm
  2. Mesoderm
  3. Endoderm
46
Q

What is the bilaminar made of? (2 components)

A

Epiblast + hypoblast

47
Q

What does the hypoblast NOT become part of?

A

The fetus

48
Q

What does the notocord gives us?

A

Stiffniss/ rigidity

49
Q

What is Gastralation?

A

Causes mesoderm, ectoderm, endoderm to fuse

50
Q

What makes up the trilaminar disc?

A

Ectoderm, mesoderm, endoderm

51
Q

What is the function of the notochord? (4)

A
  1. Defines the axis of the embryo
  2. Provides rigidity
  3. Indicates the future site of vertebral bodies
  4. Is an important inducer of future structures
52
Q

What is the very first structure to get created?**Also, what is it also called?

A

Notochord. Primary inducer

53
Q

What occurs during neurulation?

A

The neural plate invaginates to form the neural groove with neural folds on either side

54
Q

The neural folds about to fuse to form _____? (2 words)

A

Neural tube

55
Q

What body part does the caudal neuropore develop in the fetus?

A

Spinal cord

56
Q

Clinical: What happens when there is abnormal neurulation? What is it?

A

Anencephaly- partial absence of the brain

57
Q

What are the 2 types of spina bifida?

A
  1. Spina bifida occulta

2. Spina bifida cystica

58
Q

What is Spina bifida occulta?

A

A defect in the vertebral neural arch; often undetected

59
Q

What is the Spina bifida cystica?

A

Herniation of neural tissues and meninges; more serious

60
Q

What is it that makes us vertebrates? (test q..3 words)

A

Neural crest formation makes the tissue that makes us vertebrates

61
Q

What are the steps of neural crest formation?

A

Neural folds approach each other to turn the neural groove into a neural tube

62
Q

What is the differentiation of mesoderm?

A

Gives rise to skeleton, muscles, blood, blood vessels, mesenteries, plurae, and urogenital structures

63
Q

Mesoderm develops into 3 parts, concurrent with neuralation:

A
  1. Paraxial mesoderm
  2. Intermediate mesoderm
  3. Lateral plate mesodern
64
Q

What does the intermediate mesoderm develop into?

A

Develops into the gonads and portions of urogenital system

65
Q

What does the paraxial mesoderm develop into?

A

Develops into somites, including dermatome, the myotome, and the sclerotome

66
Q

What does the lateral plate mesoderm develop into?

A

Develops into the body walls, appendicular skeleton, and the blood vessels

67
Q

The paraxial mesoderm forms somites, which include 3 parts- what are they (also describe)?

A
  1. Dermatome- dermis of skin over dorsal regions
  2. Myotome- all voluntary muscles of the head, trunk, and limbs
  3. Sclerotome- vertebrae, portions of the neurocranium, and the axial skeleton
68
Q

What does the intermediate give rise to?

A

It gives rise to the gonads and portions of urogenital system

69
Q

What does the lateral plate mesoderm develop into?

A

It develops into part of the body walls, primordial heart, appendicular skeleton, blood and blood vessels

70
Q

What two layers does the lateral plate mesoderm divide into? (Also their other names)

A
  1. Visceral (splanchnic) layer

2. Parietal (Somatic) layer

71
Q

What is the primary derivative of the endoderm?

A

Lining of the GI tract

72
Q

What is body folding important for?

A

The early formation of the gut tube

73
Q

What are the two major folds that transform the flat embryonic disc into three dimensions?

A
  1. Median plane

2. Horizontal plane

74
Q

What is the outside portion of the yolk sac?

A

Extra-embryonic coelom

75
Q

What are the two body folds in the median plane?

A
  1. Head fold

2. Tail fold

76
Q

Which part will get pinched off of the amniotic sac with the fetus?

A

Yolk sac

77
Q

What are the folds in the horizontal plane?

A

Right and left lateral folds

78
Q

What is the smooth muscle of the gut?

A

Visceral layer of the lateral plate mesoderm

79
Q

There are two parts of the placenta- what are they and describe?

A
  1. Fetal part- develops from chorionic sac

2. Maternal part- derived from the endometrium, lining of the uterus

80
Q

The fetal part of the placenta and the fetal membranes separate what?

A

The fetus from the endometerium

81
Q

What is unique about fetal membrane organization?

A

Species-specific

82
Q

What is the first step of development of the first placenta?

A

The formation of the choriovitelline membrane

83
Q

Where is blood vessel development from?

A

Extraembryonic mesoderm

84
Q

What are steps of blood vessel growth?

A

They grow through the yolk sac -> penetrate the body of embryo -> grow into the allantois -> vascularize chorion

85
Q

As the choriovitelline membrane ___, the chorioallatoic membrane ___.

A

Receeds, increases

86
Q

What are placenta type defined by?

A

The number of tissue layers between mother and fetus

87
Q

What are the placenta types (from simplest to most complex +animals it relates to)? (4)

A
  1. Epitheliochorial (horses)
  2. Synepitheliochorial (cattle)
  3. Endotheliochorial (dogs N cats)
  4. Haemochorial (humans)
88
Q

What is the epitheliochorial type of placenta?

A

Endometrial epithelium remains intact and is apposed to the chorionic epithelium

89
Q

What does the chorionic girdle destroy?

A

Uterine cells

90
Q

What are equine microcotyledons?

A

Fetal and maternal microvillous interdigitate

91
Q

Horse young conceptus is composed of what? (inside -> out)

A
  1. Yolk sac, 2. chorionic girdle, 3. allatotochorion
92
Q

What is the synepitheliochorial type of placenta?

A

An attenuated layer of combined maternal and fetal epithelium. Union of fetal and maternal cells: CRYPTAL epithelium

93
Q

Placentome is composed of what two structures?

A

Cotyledone + caruncle

94
Q

What are cotyledons?

A

Fit into maternal crypts in the caruncles

95
Q

What is the endotheliochorial placenta type?

A

Uterina epithelium and connective tissue are removed and the chorionic epithelium comes in direct contact with endometrial capillaries

96
Q

Which species of animals has the zonary placentation?

A

Dogs and Cats

97
Q

What is significant about the cytotrophoblast and syntitiotrophoblast despite the fact that they are next to each other?**

A

Separates the maternal and fetal blood

98
Q

What are carnivorans-altricial infants?

A

Immature born

99
Q

What is the haeomochorial type of placent?

A

Uterine epithelium and connective tissue are removed and the chorionic epithelium comes in direct contact with maternal blood

100
Q

What is the difference between monozygotic twins and dizygotic twins?

A

Monozygotic is one ovum

Dizygotic is two ova

101
Q

The monozygotic twinning usually begins in the ______ stage.

A

Blastocyte

102
Q

________ of placental vessels and arteriovenous communication between circulatory systems of twins

A

Anastomosis

103
Q

65% Monozygotic twinning: what does the placenta/sacs look like? (how many)

A

One placenta
One chorionic sac
Two amniotic sacs

104
Q

35% Monozygotic twinning: what are they composed of? (how many)

A

2 amnions
2 chorions
2 placentas

105
Q

In the 35% of the monozygotic twins type, separation occurs before ________________________?

A

The formation of the blastocystic cavity

Anatomy I Unit 1 (8 decks)

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