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SFM > (L9) Integration of Metabolism > Flashcards

(L9) Integration of Metabolism Flashcards

1
Q

What are key molecules that connect the metabolic pathways?

L10 S10 LO1

A

Glucose 6-phosphate:

  • glycogen metabolism
  • glycolysis
  • PPP

Pyruvate:

  • acetyl CoA
  • OAA (gluconeogenesis)
  • lactate
  • alanine (protein synthesis)

Acetyl CoA:

  • CO2
  • ketones
  • FA metabolism
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2
Q

What tissues are capable of using all major metabolic pathways?

L10 S9 LO1

A

Only the liver

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4
Q

What are the metabolic characteristics of the liver?

L10 S14 LO2

A
  • processes nutrients
  • reacts to dietary conditions
  • maintains blood nutrient concentrations
  • secretes proteins used by the rest of the body
  • processes toxins and waste

Uses FAs as energy source

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5
Q

What organ first receives newly absorbed nutrients?

L10 S16 LO2

A

The liver via the hepatic portal vein.

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6
Q

What are the metabolic characteristics of adipose?

L10 S17 LO2

A

Stores triglycerides in a fed state (insulin signal)

Released FAs in states of hunger and exercise (glucagon and epinephrine signals)

Uses glucose and FAs as energy source

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7
Q

What are the metabolic characteristics of the brain?

L10 S18 LO2

A

Consumes energy using 20% of body’s O2

Uses glucose and ketone bodies

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8
Q

What are the metabolic characteristics of the heart?

L10 S19 LO2

A

Uses glucose, lactate, FAs, and ketone bodies as fuel

Must have O2

Cannot store glycogen

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9
Q

What are the metabolic characteristics of skeletal muslce?

L10 S20 LO2

A

Uses FAs and ketone bodies as fuel

High amounts of glycogen store (75% of body)

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10
Q

What are the three mains systems that generate ATP and when are they activated?

L10 S24 LO3

A

ATP/phsophocreatine reserves:
-lasts seconds before expended

Anaerobic glycolysis/glycogenolysis
-starts shortly (~20secs) after activity and ends after roughly 2 minutes

Oxidative phosphorylation and FA metabolism:
-starts nearly 2 minutes after activity

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11
Q

Roughly how long will stored ATP last during heavy activity?

L10 S26 LO3

A

1-2 seconds

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12
Q

What happens after initial ATP reserves are expended during activity?

L10 S26 LO3

A

Phosphocreatine stored in muscles replenishes supplies while other methods of ATP production are activated

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13
Q

Why can anaerobic glycolysis no be a long term source of ATP during prolonged activity?

L10 S27 LO3

A

Lactate is produced and when is builds up it results in muscle fatigue

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14
Q

What happens to lactate produced by anaerobic glycolysis?

L10 S28 LO3

A

Enters the Cori cycle and is used to regenerate glucose in the liver

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15
Q

What is the energy charge of a cell and what level does the cell try to maintain?

L10 S30 LO3

A

ATP:ADP ratio

Energy charge is maintained within a range of 0.8-0.95

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16
Q

What is the reducing power of a cell?
How does it relate to the energy charge of a cell?

L10 S30 LO3

A

NADH:NAD+ ratio

It varied inversely with energy charge

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17
Q

What are the main SHORT term satiating signals and what do they cause?

L10 S32 LO4

A

Cholecystokinin (CCK)
-triggers sense of satiation in the brain

Glucagon like peptide-1:

  • triggers sense of satiation in the brain
  • triggers synthesis and release of insulin by pancreas
18
Q

What are the main hunger signals and what do they cause?

L10 S33 LO4

A

Ghrelin:

  • secreted by stomach
  • acts on hypothalamus to stimulate sense of hunger
  • increases before a meal; decrease after
19
Q

What are the main LONG term satiating signals and what do they cause?

L10 S34 LO4

A

Leptin:
-secreted by adipose
-acts on hypothalamus to: —trigger sense of satiation
—stimulate energy expenditure

Insulin:

  • secreted by pancreatic β cells
  • affects wide variety of functions and cells
20
Q

What is occurring in the body in a fed state?
What signals are present in the blood?

L10 S37-38 LO4

A

Signals:

  • insulin (high)
  • glucose (high)
  • glucagon (low)

Liver:

  • glycolysis
  • glycogen synthesis
  • FA/TAG synthesis

Adipose:
-FA/TAG synthesis and storage

21
Q

What is occurring in the body in a fasting state?
What signals are present in the blood?

L10 S39-40 LO4

A

Signals:

  • insulin (low)
  • glucose (low)
  • glucagon (high)

Liver:

  • glycogenolysis
  • gluconeogenesis
  • FA oxidation
  • ketone body formation

Adipose:
-FA oxidation and release

22
Q

What is AMPK and what is its function?

L10 S45 LO4

A

AMP-activated protein kinase

Inactivated by high ATP levels and activated by low ATP levels

Phosphorylates numerous targets regulating function based on energy state

AMPK is active during low energy balance and stimulates processes that will increase energy balance

23
Q

What are the main energy sources of RBCs, brain, adipose, liver, and muscles?

L10 S13 LO2

A

RBC: glucose

Brain: glucose and ketone bodies (starving)

Adipose: glucose and FAs

Liver: FAs

Muscles: glucose, FAs, and AAs

SFM (31 decks)

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