(DSA1) Biomolecules Flashcards
What are the fasting and fed blood glucose levels that are normal or indicative of hypoglycemia or diabetes mellitus?
DSA1 S5 LO1a
Normal:
- fasting 70-100mg/dL
- fed <140mg/dL
Hypoglcemia:
-<60mg/dL
Diabetes mellitus:
- fasting >126mg/dL
- fed >199mg/dL
What is the clinical significance of sugar alcohols and what are examples of these?
DSA1 S9 LO1a
Also referred to as sweeteners.
Significance:
- poorly absorbed
- low calorie
- don’t contribute to tooth decay
Examples:
- erythritol
- xylitol
- mannitol
- sorbitol
What is the cause of lactose intolerance?
DSA1 S3 LO1a
Deficiency of lactase which leads to inability to digest lactose.
What are FA made from?
A-CoA
What are Isoprenoids?
DSA1 S17 LO1b
Structures derived from IPP (isopentenyl phyophosphate) which is itself derived from acetyl CoA.
Examples include:
- steroids
- lipid-soluble vitamins (A, D, E, and K)
- CoQ
How are gallstones formed?
DSA1 S18 LO1b
Excess cholesterol and insufficient bile salt resulting in crystallization. Can lead to malabsorption (steatorrhea) and fat soluble vit deficiencies.
What are the nonpolar amino acids?
DSA1 S21 LO1c
GAPVIL MWF
- glycine
- alanine
- proline
- valine
- isoleucine
- leucine
- methionine
- tryptophan
- phenylalanine
What are the polar amino acids?
DSA1 S21 LO1c
QT SYNC
- glutamine
- threonine
- serine
- tyrosine
- asparagine
- cysteine
What are the negatively charged (acidic) amino acids?
DSA1 S21 LO1c
- aspartic acid (D)
- glutamic acid (E)
What are the positively charged amino acids?
DSA1 S21 LO1c
- arginine (R)
- histidine (H)
- lysine (L)
What is the daily protein turnover of the average adult?
DSA1 S21 LO1c
Postive:
- consumption ~100g
- production ~400g
Negative:
- degradation ~400
- production of amino acid derivatives ~30g
- excretion (variable)
How are disulfide bonds formed?
What are the nonpolar amino acids?
DSA1 S21 LO1c
Oxidation of sulfhydryl groups of AA cysteine resulting in a bond forming between the sulfurs of two cysteine residues
Glycogen
linear chain with alpha 1-4 linakges and branch points with alpha 1,6 linkages
- food storage in animals
- branching at 6-10 glucose
Starch
NOT FOUND IN HUMANS
amylopectin (75%) linear chains with alpha 1-4 linkages and branch points with alpha 1,6 linkages
- branging 12-20 glucose
amylose: 25% linear chains with alpha 1,4 linkages (no branching)
What degrades strach
alpha amylase
Cellulose
linerar chains with beta 1-4 linkages (degreaded by cellulase)
What is ertythrose and what is it used in?
-4c tetrose, it is a PPP intermediate
Sucrose
found in fruits and veggies
-diassacharide of glucose + fructose (alpha 1, beta 2 bond)
Lactose
galactose glucose, beta 1-4 bond
maltose
glu, glu alpha 1-4 bond
What form of carbs do glycolipids and proteins use?
oligosaccarides (3-10 length)
What are acetylated AA
COMPONENTS of glycoproteins and glycolipids (used in cell singaling, cell adehsion, immuno response)
What are the 4 dietary lipids
-FA, TAGs, Cholestrol esters, phospholipids
FA formula
CH3(CH3)n(COOH)
Vit A deffiency
Night blindness, xerophthalmia
Vit K deffiency
defective blood coagulation
Vit E deffiency
musclar dystrophy
Vit D deffiency
rickets
Oral Chenodeoxycholic acid
used to help desolve galstones
Disulfide bonds
oxidation of SH group on cysteine residues in the lumen of the rough ER
Keratin has a high ______. If you manipulate this what happens?
cystine content and will tend to form disuflide bonds.
-mainpualting the bonds is the key to curling or straghiening hair`
