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OS304 > L9 : fisheries and conservation (p1) > Flashcards

L9 : fisheries and conservation (p1) Flashcards

1
Q

fisheries global trends

A
  • 10% overfished in 1974
  • 35.4% overfished in 2019
    in 2020: 214 million tons landed $424 bn. estimated gross landed value
    in 2020: we ate 20.2 kg per capita of aquatic food - more than doubled that of 50 years ago
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2
Q

need for fisheries

A

global pop. reached 8 bn. in Nov 22. and set to reach 9.7 bn by 2050

more than 2.6 bn rely on fish for at least 20% of their protein needs (FAO)

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3
Q

FAO

A

Food and Agriculture Organization

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4
Q

need for conservation

A
  • overfishing
  • ocean acidification
  • habitat destruction
  • pollution
  • coastal development
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5
Q

UN’s 2030 agenda for sustainable development

A

[2015] UN developed 17 sustainable development goals (SDGs) as a universal call of action to end poverty, protect the planet and ensure that by 2030 all people enjot peace and prosperity

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6
Q

SDG 14

A

Life Below Water
- conserve and sustainably use the oceans, sea and marine resources for sustainable development
- 10 targets within this specifically aimed at different aspects of the marine environment

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7
Q

SIDS

A

Small Island Developing States

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8
Q

LDCs

A

least developed countries

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9
Q

target 14.4
[SDG14 : Life Below Water]

A

[sustainable fishing]
by 2020, effectively regulate harvesting and end overfishing, illegal, unreported and unregulated fishing and impiliment science-based management plans, in order to restore fish stocks in shortest time, at least to levels that can produce maximum sustainable yield as determined by their biological characteristics

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10
Q

Target 14.4 indicator
[SDG14 : Life Below Water]

A

proportion of fish stocks within biologically sustainable levels

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11
Q

progress made towards target 14.4
[SDG14 : Life Below Water]

A
  • achievement is notably low, with majority of countries (61.8%) having achieved low progress
  • may be some lack of reporting
  • also challenging to interpret what is expected of the targets
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12
Q

UNs 3 pillars of sustainable development

A
  1. economic development
  2. social development
  3. environment protection
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13
Q

benefits to take ecosystem approach to fisheries managment

A
  • fisheries should be managed at an ecosystem scale not a species scale
  • we need to reach conservation targets by 2030 (and beyond)
  • we are reliant on fish for protein
  • out coastal areas are reliant on fishing as a form of employment or for subsistence
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14
Q

UNCLOS

A

United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea

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15
Q

UNCLOS, 1982
[policy supporting fisheries]

A

starting point for legislation incorporating principles to integrate fisheries management with conservation

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16
Q

ICES working group on Ecosystem effects of fishing in 1990
[policy supporting fisheries]

A
  • management began to address the need for conservation
  • ‘the ecosystem approach to fisheries’ (FAO, 2003)
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17
Q

ICES

A

The International Council for the Exploration of the Sea

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18
Q

The FAO code of conduct for responsible fisheries (1995)
[policy supporting fisheries]

A

set out the principles for governing sustainable fisheries

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19
Q

Convention of Biological Diversity (1992)
[policy supporting fisheries]

A
  • dedicated to promoting sustainable development. Recognition that biological diversity is also about poeple and our needs (food security)
  • Aichi targets set in 2011 to achieve progress by 2020
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20
Q

BBNJ Agreement

A

Biodiversity beyond National Jurisdiction Treaty

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21
Q

BBNJ agreement
[policy supporting fisheries]

A
  • adopted 4th June 2023
  • will permit the establishment of MPAs in the high seas (currently ~ 1% protected)
  • key to:
    a. protect the ocean
    b. promote equity and fairness
    c. tackle environmental degradation
    d. fight climate change
    e. prevent biodiversity loss in the high seas
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22
Q

Kunming-Montreal Global Biodiversity Framework
[policy supporting fisheries]

A
  • adopted 19th dec. 2022
  • ‘next step’ from CBD and Aichi targets due to the loss of recognition taht more progress is needed in halting biodiversity loss
  • world to be living in harmony with nature by 2050
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23
Q

Framework includes
[Kunming-Montreal Global Biodiversity Framework]

A
  • effective conservation and management of at least 30% of the world’s lands, inland waters, coastal areas and the ocean
  • have restoration completed or underway in at least 30% of degraded terrestrial, inland waters, coastal and marine ecosystems
  • reduce to near zero the loss of areas of high biodiversity importance, including ecosystems of high ecological integrity
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24
Q

FAO code of conduct for responsible fisheries (1995)
[sustainable fisheries definition]

A
  1. “states and uses of living aquatic resources should conserve aquatic ecosystems. The right to fish carries with it the obligation to do so in a responsible manner so as to ensure effective conservation and management of the living aquatic resources
  2. “fisheries management should promote the maintenance of the quality, diversity and availability of fisheries resources in sufficient quantities for present and future generations in the context of food security , poverty alleviation and sustainable development”

management measures should not only ensure the conservation of target species but also of species belonging to the same ecosystem or associated with or dependent upon the target species

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25
Q

principle 4
[principles of ecosystem approach]

A

recognise potential gains from management, there is usually a need to understand and manage the ecosystem in an economic content

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26
Q

principle 5
[principles of ecosystem approach]

A

conservation of ecosystem structure and functioning, in order to maintain ecosystem services, should be a priority target of the ecosystem approach

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27
Q

principle 7
[principles of ecosystem approach]

A

the ecosystem approach should be undertaken at the appropriate spatial and temporal scales

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28
Q

principle 8
[principles of ecosystem approach]

A

recognising the varying temporal scales and lag-effects that characterise ecosystems processes, objective for ecosystem management should be set for the long term

29
Q

principle 9
[principles of ecosystem approach]

A

management must recognise that change in inevitable

30
Q

principle 10
[principles of ecosystem approach]

A

the ecosystem approach should seek the appropriate balance between, and integration of, conservation and use of biological diversity

31
Q

principle 11
[principles of ecosystem approach]

A

the ecosystem approach should consider all forms of relevant information, including scientific and indigenous and local knowledge, innovations and practices

32
Q

principle 12
[principles of ecosystem approach]

A

the ecosystem approach should involve all relevant sectors of society and scientific disciplines

33
Q

MSFD

A

MSFD calls for ‘an ecosystem based approach to the management of human activities’
- MSFD transposed into UK law under Marine strategy regulations 2010
- initial assessment of marine environmental status completed by 2012
- UK marine policy statement explains high level aims of MSFD, national and regional plans and breaks these down into detailed activities
- changes to CFP to better support MSFD aims

34
Q

Ecosystem Approach to fisheries management : objective

A

to sustain a healthy marine ecosystem which will in turn support fisheries

35
Q

CFP

A

common fisheries policy

36
Q

GES

A

good environmental status
MSFD aims to achieve GES in European seas by 2020

37
Q

4 MSFD descriptors relate to fisheries

A
  1. biodiversity is maintained
  2. the population of commercial fish species is healthy
  3. elements of food webs ensure long-term abundance and reproduction
  4. the seafloor integrity ensures functioning of the ecosystem
38
Q

Common fisheries policy

A

reformed in 2013 - increased focus on conservation
included commitments to:
- ban over-fishing (soft deadline 2015, hard deadline 2020)
- ban discarding of dead fish
- increase sustainability and marine stewardship
- make policy decisions based on good science

39
Q

brexit : feelings
[fisheries]

A
  • many fishers deeply unhappy with CFP and felt UK fishers got a bad deal in relation to quota shares
  • was amplified by UK fixed quota system in 1999 which also used historical records to allocate shares
  • > 95% of quota held by vessels over 10m in length
40
Q

brexit : reality
[fisheries]

A
  • improvements made to the CFP through reforms in 2003 and 2013
  • they increased sustainability of many fish stocks
  • by 2018 the UK fleet generated more profit than any other EU member state
41
Q

Brexit : how has it chnaged the way we manage our fisheries

A

leaving the EU creates a sea of opportunity for our fishing industry. Outside the CFP we can take back control of our waters and revitalise our coastal communities. We will be able to put in place our own systems, becoming a world leader in managing our resources while protecting the marine environment

42
Q

evaluation of brexit - expectations

A

[wish list]
- UK able to control access and fishing opportunities in UK waters for EU and other nations vessels
- UK able to negotiate independently
- access for UK vessels only within 0-12nm
- quata allocation which moves away from ‘relative stability’ to a ‘fairer and more scientific method’ (e.g zonal attachment) and set through annual agreements - separate to the trade deal

43
Q

evaluation of brexit - reality

A
  • autonomy now exists
  • UK has resumed its rights and duties under UNCLOS 1982
  • TCA recognises that each party shall manage fisheries within their own respected waters
  • fisheries act 2020 sets framework for adopting new measures but bulk of CFP transformed into domestic law
  • Fisheries Memorandum of Understanding with Greenland
  • Fisheries framework agreement with Norway & the Faroe Islands
44
Q

UK fishing rules post brexit
[evaluation of brexit - reality]

A
  • UK has granted access to EU vessels to UK waters – guaranteed during the adjustment period to 30 June 2026
  • Access granted in line with quota shares/at a level that equates to an average tonnage fished between 2012-2016
  • In some areas access is also granted to vessels with a track record of fishing in those waters from 2012-2016
  • After the end of the adjustment period any changes need to be negotiated – risk of retaliatory measures
45
Q

TCA

A

Trade and Cooperation Agreement

46
Q

Quota Allocation
[evaluation of brexit - reality]

A

quata shared as part of TCA
- increased UK quota for 63/205 quota species

47
Q

Fishers reactions
[evaluation of brexit - reality]

A

[SFF] TCA falls short of commitments and promises made to fishing industry
[NUTFA] TCA failure to secure 6-12nm of exclusive access zone of our own waters
[SFF] TCA deal leabes Scottish indusry worse position on more than half key stocks. esp. N. Sea cod and saithe.

48
Q

NUTFA

A

New Under Ten Fishermen’s Association

49
Q

New UK policy : ecosystem approach to fisheries management

A
  • Marine and coastal access act 2011
  • Environment Bill
  • Fihseries act 2020
  • trade and cooperation agreement
50
Q

Marine and coastal access act (2011)

A
  • Established a Marine Management Organisation for marine planning
  • Established a strategic marine planning system
    Streamlined marine licencing
  • Enabled the designation of Marine Conservation Zones
  • Modernised fisheries management and enforcement
  • To conserve marine ecosystems while enabling a profitable and sustainable fisheries sector
  • Modernised licencing for migratory and freshwater fish species
  • Moved towards Integrated Coastal Zone Management
51
Q

Environment Bill

A

builds on 25 year environment plan
aims to :
- improve quality of habitats, expressed through MPAs condition - introducing management measures
- establish the OEP which will be responsible for enforcing new environmental laws - est. Nov 2021
targets published 16th Dec. 22.

52
Q

Environmental Bill : fisheries target

A
  • Halt the decline in species populations by 2030, and then increase populations by at least 10% to exceed current levels by 2042
    -Restore precious water bodies to their natural state by cracking down on harmful pollution from sewers and abandoned mines and improving water usage in households
  • Deliver net zero ambitions and boost nature recovery by increasing tree and woodland cover to 16.5% of total land area in England by 2050
  • Halve the waste per person that is sent to residual treatment by 2042
  • Cut exposure to the most harmful air pollutant to human health - PM2.5
  • Restore 70% of designated features in our Marine Protected Areas to a favourable condition by 2042, with the rest in a recovering condition.
53
Q

Fisheries Act [2020]

A
  • The UK repealed the European Communities Act (1972) and transposed the provisions of the CFP into domestic legislation via the European Union (Withdrawl) Act 2018
  • This provided legal continuity until the Withdrawl Agreement and Trade and Cooperation Agreement (TCA) were reached
  • The Fisheries Act is a key piece of legislation to replace the CFP
    It became an Act on 23rd November 2020
  • It contains 8 objectives
  • The fisheries policy authorities (MMO, Scottish Ministers, Welsh Ministers, Northern Ireland Department) published a Joint Fisheries Statement:
    • Policies and proposals in using Fisheries Management Plans for achieving objectives
54
Q
  1. sustainability
    [Fisheries Act : Objectives]
A

environmentally, economically and socially

55
Q
  1. Precautionary
    [Fisheries Act : Objectives]
A

stocks are harvested in a way that “restores and maintains pops. above biomass levels capable of MSY

56
Q

MSY

A

maximum stock yield

57
Q
  1. Ecosystem
    [Fisheries Act : Objectives]
A

ecosystem approach to management - minimising (eleminating if poss.) by-catch of sensitive species

58
Q
  1. Scientific Evidence
    [Fisheries Act : Objectives]
A

data collected and shared between authorities
best scientific advise used to develop management strategies

59
Q
  1. bycatch
    [Fisheries Act : Objectives]
A

minimise and avoidance of smaller species for undersized fish . catched recorded
bycatch of commercial species is landed but disincentivised

60
Q

6.equal access
[Fisheries Act : Objectives]

A

british fishing boats have access to fish in all uk waters

61
Q
  1. national benefit
    [Fisheries Act : Objectives]
A

activities of UK boats bring economic and social benefits to UK communities

62
Q
  1. climate change
A

impact of fisheries on climate chnage is reduced (e.g emissions)
fishweries able to adapt to effects of climate chnage 9shifting stock)

63
Q

Fisheries Act (2020) - Quota

A

Sec of state powers to:
- maximise quantity of sea fish that can be caught by british vessels
- max no. of days boats can spend fishing (effort)
distribution of quota is responsibility of national fisheries authorities
distribution must adhere to criteria
national fishing authoriities are also responsible fot ensuring catch and effort quota are not exceeded

64
Q

Fisheries Act [2020] quota criteria

A

a. impact of fishing on the environment
b. the history of compliance wirh regulatory requirements relating to fishing
c. the contribution of fishing to the local economy
d. historic catch levels and the use of selective fishing gear that avoid bycatch

65
Q

Fisheries Act [2020] : Joint Fisheries Statement

A

Policies of the fisheries policy authorities relating to the distibution of catch quotas and effort quotas for the use by fishing boats
- list of fisheries management plans in use and proposed
* including justification of choice of which species/areas/fishing types need FMPs

66
Q

FMPs

A

fisheries management plan

67
Q

Fisheries Act [2020] : FMPs

A
  • 43 proposed plans
  • content of plans varies depending on sp. location and fisheries
  • FMPs list goals and actions
  • DEFRA has ultimate responsibility for preperation and publishing of each plan
  • FMPs go through public consultation before being finalised
68
Q

Trade and Cooperation Agreement

A
  • 25% of existing EU quota transfeered to UK over nact 5.5 years
  • mutal access to each other waters licensing scheme for fishing vesseks
  • after 2026 negotions on access and share of stocks will be done on an annual basis
  • ## any disagreements resolved through arbitration

OS304 (10 decks)

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