L10 : fisheries and conservation (p2)

Question 1

effort restrictions
[eg. of managment tools for fisheries]

Answer 1

• quota/catch share
• licencing
• gear types e.g. minimum mesh size

Question 2

time/space restrictions
[eg. of managment tools for fisheries]

Answer 2

• seasonal/temporal closures
• MPAs

Question 3

Effective monitoring
[eg. of managment tools for fisheries]

Answer 3

vessel monitoring systems, transparency

Question 4

fish stock

Answer 4

particular species in a particular area

Question 5

Macimum sustainable yield MSY

Answer 5

scientific catch limit set for each fish stock

Question 6

Total Allowable Catch (TAC)

Answer 6

ICES recommends and the EU sets catch limit per fish stock based on MSY

Question 7

ICES

Answer 7

International Council for the exploration of the sea

Question 8

Quota

Answer 8

portion of TAC per fish stock allocated to each country

Question 9

EU - current calculation method

Answer 9

• quota allocated as a percentafe of TAC -> percentage based of ref. period 1973-1978
• quota is per fish stock and given in tonnes but the % each country has of each stock is set - relative stability
• UK treats allocated quota quasi-property rights that can be sold bough of leased
• greenpeace calc. that in 2018 over 25% of UK quota was held by 5 families
• UK quota can be sold to non-UK companies
• fishers can sell their vessels but not their quota

Question 10

Hake in the North Sea

Answer 10

• stock recovery plus northward range expansion
• mixed fisghery so no way to avoid catching a particular species
• low quota for hake they can catch lots
• once the quota is met the rest has to be discarded
• 4189t of hake discarded in the North Sea in 2016 (ICES,2019)
• zonal attachment approachment would mean a lot less is discarded

Question 11

Zonal Attachment

Answer 11

the share of the stock residing within a particular country’s economic zone, if necessary weighted by the time it spends in a country’s zone over a year.

Question 12

Danish Trawl Fisheries

Answer 12

• increase in mesh size from 90 mm to 100 mm or 120 mm reduced discards but with limited finicial loss which is offset by increased fish stock over a 3 yr. period
• gain support of fishermen if positive associated with them
• upper limit on how selective mesh size got before fishers no longer willing to use it - because of finicial implications

Question 13

Shellfish Stocks in Northumberland (NIFCA)

Answer 13

escape gaps can decrease injury, decrease damage to catch, reduce sorting time, decrease likelihood of landing undersized individuals
- advantages outweigh disadvantages for fishers
- maximum landing size = 87mm

Question 14

NIFCA

Answer 14

Northumberland inshore fisheries and conservation authority

Question 15

Effort restrictions - Licensing

Answer 15

vessel must be licenced to catch and land fish
MMO issues fishing licences
licence contains :
* where you can fish
* prohibited species
* info about the rules governing fishing activity

Question 16

MPAs fisheries benefit

Answer 16

rebuliding fish stocks
improved habitat to support lifecycle of commercial fish stocks
spillover of stock into areas outside the MPA
increases resiliance of the fishery to climate and environmnetak chnage
sustainability of fish stocks and fisheries

Question 17

1. Level of community engagement
   [MPA success]

Answer 17

who is involved? how are they involved? ehy are they involved?

Question 18

2. Socioeconocmic characteristics
   [MPA success]

Answer 18

social cultural political and economic aspects of individuals, groups, communities and organistations involved

Question 19

3. ecological factors
   [MPA success]

Answer 19

underlying ecology of MPA, human impacts of the marine envrionment, sound prior knowledge of the area and solid scientific foundartions

Question 20

4. MPA~ design
   [MPA success]

Answer 20

incorporation of long-term monitoring, sustianable funding, adaptive management, clearly defines goals and objectives

Question 21

5. governance
   [MPA success]

Answer 21

management policies - must promote trust
governance context - political environment which facilitates MPA establish,ent with supportibe institutions responsible for establishment, perpertutation, monitoeing and enforcment

Question 22

6. enforcement
   [MPA success]

Answer 22

strong enforcement with clear penalties and appropriate snations